Q130. What is the predominant mode of proceedings in an ordinary Lok Adalat?
[RRB NTPC Graduate, 2025]
A. Conciliatory
B. Investigative
C. Adversarial
D. Inquisitorial
Answer: (A) Conciliatory
Explanation: Lok Adalats encourage parties to resolve disputes voluntarily with the assistance of conciliators. Their principal function is consensual settlement, not determining contested facts through a full adversarial trial. This feature distinguishes ordinary Lok Adalats from some Permanent Lok Adalats.
Q129. A High Court supervises courts and tribunals in its jurisdiction under which provision?
[Punjab Police Constable, 2025]
A. Article 50
B. Article 227
C. Article 124
D. Article 356
Answer: (B) Article 227
Explanation: Article 227 confers territorial superintendence over courts and tribunals on a High Court, with the exception stated for bodies governed by laws relating to the armed forces. Supervisory jurisdiction differs from ordinary appellate review.
Q128. Lok Adalat is an example of which dispute-resolution mechanism?
[Punjab Police Constable, 2025]
A. Alternative legal nomination procedure
B. Alternative dispute resolution
C. Criminal punishment scheme
D. Direct legislative review
Answer: (B) Alternative dispute resolution
Explanation: Lok Adalats are a statutory form of alternative dispute resolution. They help parties reach amicable settlements of pending or suitable pre-litigation disputes. A resulting award is treated as a final and binding civil-court decree under the Legal Services Authorities Act.
Q127. Which institution coordinates organization of Lok Adalats within India’s national legal-aid framework?
[Punjab Police Constable, 2025]
A. District executive administration
B. Supreme Court acting alone
C. National Legal Services Authority
D. State Cabinet alone
Answer: (C) National Legal Services Authority
Explanation: NALSA oversees and guides legal-services activities, including Lok Adalat programmes, through its statutory network. State and district legal-services bodies and specified court legal-services committees organize Lok Adalats under the 1987 Act.
Q126. Who presides over a Gram Nyayalaya and how is that person appointed?
[RPF Constable, 2025]
A. A judicial Nyayadhikari appointed by the state in consultation with High Court
B. District Magistrate appointed by High Court
C. Panchayat Samiti representative
D. Village Panchayat head without judicial appointment
Answer: (A) A judicial Nyayadhikari appointed by the state in consultation with High Court
Explanation: A Gram Nyayalaya is presided over by a Nyayadhikari appointed by the state government in consultation with the High Court. This official exercises prescribed civil and criminal jurisdiction under the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008.
Q125. Which composition is commonly prescribed for a Lok Adalat sitting?
[RPF Constable, 2025]
A. Judicial officer and two lawyers
B. Judicial officer, lawyer and social worker
C. Only a judicial officer
D. A judge and unspecified legal experts
Answer: (B) Judicial officer, lawyer and social worker
Explanation: Lok Adalat benches ordinarily combine judicial experience with a lawyer and a social worker or other designated participant. This mixed composition reflects the emphasis on practical conciliation rather than technical court proceedings alone.
Q124. Under whose control do ordinary district and subordinate courts function?
[RPF Constable, 2025]
A. Independent of any High Court
B. Directly under the Supreme Court
C. The High Court of the state
D. As a division of the Union executive
Answer: (C) The High Court of the state
Explanation: Article 235 vests control of district courts and subordinate courts in the relevant High Court. This institutional arrangement reinforces autonomy of the subordinate judiciary and helps distinguish judicial supervision from ordinary executive administration.
Q123. Appeals against appealable Family Court judgments ordinarily lie before which court?
[RPF Constable, 2025]
A. District Court
B. Family Tribunal
C. High Court
D. Supreme Court alone
Answer: (C) High Court
Explanation: Section 19 of the Family Courts Act sets out appellate access to the High Court, subject to statutory limitations and exceptions. Family Courts are specialized institutions and are not automatically the last judicial forum for all family disputes.
Q122. What kinds of civil jurisdiction can a District Judge exercise, subject to law?
[RPF Constable, Shift 3, 2025]
A. Deciding without hearing parties
B. Appeals alone
C. Original and appellate jurisdiction
D. Only very small claims
Answer: (C) Original and appellate jurisdiction
Explanation: A District Judge exercises civil jurisdiction as allocated by legislation, which can encompass cases initiated before that court and appeals from lower civil courts. The District Court occupies a senior position within the subordinate judicial hierarchy.
Q121. A Nyayadhikari presiding over a Gram Nyayalaya holds a status equivalent to which magistrate?
[RPF Constable, 2025]
A. Judicial Magistrate of First Class
B. Non-judicial Revenue Officer
C. Retired civil servant
D. Judicial Magistrate of Third Class
Answer: (A) Judicial Magistrate of First Class
Explanation: Under the Gram Nyayalayas Act, a Nyayadhikari is appointed to preside over a rural court and has powers and status corresponding to a Judicial Magistrate of the First Class. The institution may hear specified civil and criminal disputes.
