Q140. Which institution did Swami Vivekananda found in 1897 to spread Vedanta and promote social service?
[DSSSB MTS, Shift 3 — 2026]
(A) Ramakrishna Mission
(B) Brahmo Samaj
(C) Arya Samaj
(D) Prarthana Samaj
Answer: (A) Ramakrishna Mission
Explanation: Swami Vivekananda founded Ramakrishna Mission in 1897, inspired by his spiritual teacher Sri Ramakrishna. Its work unites Vedantic spirituality with organized service, notably education, health care and relief activities. Belur Math became the headquarters of the Ramakrishna movement.
Q139. Who founded the Satyashodhak Samaj?
[UP PGT Sociology — 2026]
(A) B. R. Ambedkar
(B) Jyotirao Phule
(C) Vinoba Bhave
(D) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer: (B) Jyotirao Phule
Explanation: Jyotirao Phule established Satyashodhak Samaj in Pune in 1873. The organization challenged Brahmanical dominance and birth-based discrimination, working for education, social equality and the dignity of oppressed castes. Phule’s reform efforts also emphasized women’s emancipation.
Q138. In which year did Swami Dayanand Saraswati found Arya Samaj?
[UP PGT History — 2026]
(A) 1861
(B) 1893
(C) 1885
(D) 1875
Answer: (D) 1875
Explanation: Arya Samaj was founded in Bombay in 1875 by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. Its programme sought reform through Vedic authority, monotheism and opposition to idolatry. It later supported educational institutions and reform efforts particularly in Punjab and northern India.
Q137. For the Brahmo Samaj, evaluate: Assertion—It promoted monotheism and opposed idol worship; Reason—its main aim was colonial administrative efficiency.
[UP PGT History — 2026]
(A) Both true; reason incorrect
(B) Assertion false, reason true
(C) Assertion true, reason false
(D) Both true; reason correct
Answer: (C) Assertion true, reason false
Explanation: The Brahmo Samaj promoted worship of one God and criticized idolatry. Its religious reform sprang from spiritual, ethical and rational debate in nineteenth-century India, not primarily from the administrative needs of colonial government. Thus the assertion is true but the reason is false.
Q136. Who held that each individual and nation must develop according to its own swadharma?
[UP PGT Education — 2026]
(A) Swami Vivekananda
(B) Rabindranath Tagore
(C) Mahatma Gandhi
(D) Sri Aurobindo
Answer: (A) Swami Vivekananda
Explanation: Vivekananda emphasized the distinct spiritual and cultural character of individuals and nations. He used the principle of swadharma to stress authentic development rather than mechanical imitation. His teaching combined self-confidence, disciplined action, service and universal spiritual ideals.
Q135. In Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s discussion of religion, what does polytheism mean?
[DSSSB MTS, Shift 1 — 2026]
(A) Following multiple religions
(B) Having more than one wife
(C) Obeying multiple gurus
(D) Belief in more than one God
Answer: (D) Belief in more than one God
Explanation: Polytheism denotes belief in multiple gods, whereas monotheism affirms one God. Raja Ram Mohan Roy interpreted ancient Hindu philosophical texts as supporting monotheism. This belief became central to Brahmo Samaj’s critique of idolatry and elaborate religious ceremonies.
Q134. Which satyagraha was launched by B. R. Ambedkar in 1927?
[DSSSB MTS, Shift 1 — 2026]
(A) Salt Satyagraha
(B) Champaran Satyagraha
(C) Mahad Satyagraha
(D) Rajkot Satyagraha
Answer: (C) Mahad Satyagraha
Explanation: Ambedkar led the Mahad Satyagraha in March 1927 to assert Dalits’ right to draw water from the public Chavdar tank. The campaign confronted untouchability in everyday civic facilities, becoming a landmark in struggles for equal public access and human dignity.
Q133. Where was the Theosophical Society’s headquarters established in India in 1882?
[DSSSB MTS, Shift 1 — 2026]
(A) Allahabad
(B) Bombay
(C) Varanasi
(D) Adyar
Answer: (D) Adyar
Explanation: The Theosophical Society was founded in New York in 1875 by figures including H. P. Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott. It moved its international headquarters to Adyar near Madras in 1882. Annie Besant later became an influential leader in India.
Q132. Which organization founded by Dayanand Saraswati in 1875 worked to reform Hindu religion in North India?
[DSSSB MTS, Shift 3 — 2026]
(A) Ramakrishna Mission
(B) Veda Samaj
(C) Arya Samaj
(D) Servants of India Society
Answer: (C) Arya Samaj
Explanation: Arya Samaj began in 1875 under Dayanand Saraswati. It promoted Vedic scripture and monotheism while challenging idol worship, priestly monopoly and hereditary social barriers. Its influence spread through education, debate and campaigns for social and religious reform.
Q131. Who considered the Vedas infallible and the foundation of knowledge?
[DSSSB MTS, Shift 1 — 2026]
(A) Shiv Narain Agnihotri
(B) Dwarkanath Tagore
(C) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
(D) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Answer: (D) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Explanation: Dayanand Saraswati taught that the Vedas contained authoritative spiritual knowledge. He founded Arya Samaj in 1875 and wrote Satyarth Prakash to explain his reformist ideas. His slogan “Back to the Vedas” summarized this commitment to Vedic religious renewal.
