Q70.What is the purpose of a coronary stent?
(a) Produce insulin
(b) Filter urine
(c) Store bile
(d) Hold a narrowed coronary artery open
Answer: (d) Hold a narrowed coronary artery open
Explanation: A stent is a small expandable mesh tube placed in an artery during angioplasty to maintain blood flow. Some stents release medication to reduce tissue growth that can re-narrow the vessel. Timely recognition matters because reduced organ blood supply can become an emergency.
Q69.Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta?
(a) Right ventricle
(b) Left atrium
(c) Left ventricle
(d) Right atrium
Answer: (c) Left ventricle
Explanation: The left ventricle contracts to propel oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the systemic circulation. Coronary arteries arise near the aortic root and supply blood to the heart muscle itself. Risk assessment also considers age, family history and associated metabolic conditions.
Q68.What is a thrombus?
(a) A type of vitamin
(b) A blood clot forming inside a vessel or heart
(c) A bile pigment
(d) An air sac in the lung
Answer: (b) A blood clot forming inside a vessel or heart
Explanation: A thrombus is a clot that forms within the circulation and can obstruct blood flow. A detached clot or fragment may become an embolus and lodge in a distant vessel. Prevention generally combines lifestyle measures with treatment of modifiable risk factors.
Q67.Emphysema is characterised by permanent enlargement of air spaces with destruction of what?
(a) Alveolar walls
(b) Nasal cartilage
(c) Vocal cords only
(d) Pleural fluid
Answer: (a) Alveolar walls
Explanation: Emphysema involves destruction of walls between alveoli and loss of elastic recoil. This traps air, impairs gas exchange and contributes to breathlessness. Cigarette smoking is a major cause. Pulmonary symptoms and lung-function tests are interpreted together during evaluation.
Q66.COPD is an abbreviation for what?
(a) Central oxygen pressure disorder
(b) Coronary obstruction pressure disease
(c) Chronic optic pigment disorder
(d) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Answer: (d) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Explanation: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease causes persistent airflow limitation. It includes airway inflammation and emphysematous changes, often linked to tobacco smoke, biomass fuel exposure and occupational pollutants. Damage to the small airways or alveoli may progressively impair breathing.
Q65.Silicosis develops after prolonged inhalation of which dust?
(a) Pollen grains alone
(b) Sugar crystals
(c) Crystalline silica
(d) Table salt
Answer: (c) Crystalline silica
Explanation: Respirable crystalline silica dust can reach deep into the lungs and trigger progressive fibrotic scarring. Stone cutting, mining and sandblasting are common exposure settings. Protective controls reduce occupational risk. Reducing prolonged exposure is a major part of respiratory disease prevention.
Q64.What is the general term for lung disease caused by inhalation of certain occupational dusts?
(a) Osteomalacia
(b) Pneumoconiosis
(c) Haemophilia
(d) Polyuria
Answer: (b) Pneumoconiosis
Explanation: Pneumoconiosis refers to lung disorders associated with inhaled mineral or other occupational dusts, including silicosis and coal workers’ pneumoconiosis. Prolonged exposure may cause chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Pulmonary symptoms and lung-function tests are interpreted together during evaluation.
Q63.Coal workers are particularly at risk for which dust-related lung disorder?
(a) Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis
(b) Scurvy
(c) Goitre
(d) Gout
Answer: (a) Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis
Explanation: Inhaling coal-mine dust over many years can cause coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, sometimes called black lung. Exposure reduction, ventilation and respiratory protection are important occupational-health measures. Damage to the small airways or alveoli may progressively impair breathing.
Q62.Which structure is the principal site of oxygen–carbon dioxide exchange in lungs?
(a) Epiglottis
(b) Tracheal cartilage
(c) Vocal cords
(d) Alveoli
Answer: (d) Alveoli
Explanation: Alveoli are tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries where oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Emphysema destroys alveolar walls, decreasing effective gas-exchange surface. Reducing prolonged exposure is a major part of respiratory disease prevention.
Q61.What effect does loss of lung elastic recoil have in emphysema?
(a) Complete elimination of dyspnoea
(b) Increased number of alveolar walls
(c) Air trapping during exhalation
(d) Faster clearance of all airway secretions
Answer: (c) Air trapping during exhalation
Explanation: Loss of elastic tissue reduces the driving force for exhalation and makes small airways more likely to collapse. Air trapping and overinflation raise the work of breathing. Pulmonary symptoms and lung-function tests are interpreted together during evaluation.
