Q60.Which habit is a major preventable cause of emphysema?
(a) Drinking clean water
(b) Cigarette smoking
(c) Reading
(d) Bathing
Answer: (b) Cigarette smoking
Explanation: Smoking causes chronic airway inflammation and injury to lung tissue, making it the leading preventable cause of emphysema in many populations. Other exposures and inherited alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can also contribute. Damage to the small airways or alveoli may progressively impair breathing.
Q59.An occupational disease caused by inhalation of asbestos fibres is called what?
(a) Asbestosis
(b) Itai-itai disease
(c) Beriberi
(d) Pellagra
Answer: (a) Asbestosis
Explanation: Asbestosis is a chronic fibrotic lung disease associated with inhaled asbestos. Asbestos exposure also increases the risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma, making control of occupational exposure essential. Reducing prolonged exposure is a major part of respiratory disease prevention.
Q58.Exposure to cotton dust in textile mills can cause which occupational airway disease?
(a) Cretinism
(b) Osteoporosis
(c) Goitre
(d) Byssinosis
Answer: (d) Byssinosis
Explanation: Byssinosis is associated with inhaling cotton and certain other organic textile dusts. It can cause chest tightness and airflow limitation, often noticed at the start of the working week. Pulmonary symptoms and lung-function tests are interpreted together during evaluation.
Q57.A person with COPD commonly experiences which symptom?
(a) Night blindness only
(b) Bleeding gums only
(c) Chronic breathlessness
(d) Painless swelling of thyroid only
Answer: (c) Chronic breathlessness
Explanation: COPD often produces progressive shortness of breath, cough and sputum production. Symptoms result from airflow obstruction and abnormal lung mechanics, and exacerbations may require urgent assessment. Damage to the small airways or alveoli may progressively impair breathing.
Q56.Which inherited protein deficiency can predispose to early-onset emphysema?
(a) Vitamin K excess
(b) Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
(c) Insulin excess
(d) Iodine excess
Answer: (b) Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Explanation: Alpha-1 antitrypsin helps protect lung tissue from proteolytic injury. Severe inherited deficiency can lead to emphysema, especially when combined with smoking, and may also cause liver disease. Reducing prolonged exposure is a major part of respiratory disease prevention.
Q55.Which test measures airflow and helps diagnose chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
(a) Spirometry
(b) Electroencephalography
(c) Audiometry
(d) Bone densitometry
Answer: (a) Spirometry
Explanation: Spirometry measures the volume and speed of air exhaled. Persistent airflow obstruction after bronchodilator testing supports COPD diagnosis when paired with symptoms and relevant exposure history. Pulmonary symptoms and lung-function tests are interpreted together during evaluation.
Q54.Cirrhosis of the liver is characterised by what?
(a) Uric acid crystals in joints
(b) Lack of thyroid iodine only
(c) Enlargement of alveoli
(d) Extensive fibrosis and regenerative nodules
Answer: (d) Extensive fibrosis and regenerative nodules
Explanation: Cirrhosis is advanced chronic liver injury with scarring and distorted architecture. It can impair liver function and cause portal hypertension, ascites and bleeding. Common causes include chronic viral hepatitis and alcohol-related liver disease. Clinical assessment distinguishes problems of bilirubin production, processing and bile drainage.
Q53.Which pigment causes yellow colour in jaundice?
(a) Insulin
(b) Haemoglobin itself
(c) Bilirubin
(d) Melanin
Answer: (c) Bilirubin
Explanation: Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced mainly when haemoglobin from old red blood cells is broken down. Raised blood bilirubin causes yellowing of skin and sclera, termed jaundice. Associated symptoms and blood tests help clinicians determine the underlying cause.
Q52.Bilirubin is largely formed from the breakdown of which blood component?
(a) Thyroid colloid
(b) Haemoglobin in red blood cells
(c) Platelet membrane cholesterol
(d) Insulin in plasma
Answer: (b) Haemoglobin in red blood cells
Explanation: Macrophages recycle aged red blood cells, breaking down haemoglobin and its haem component. The resulting bilirubin travels to the liver for processing and excretion through bile. Advanced liver impairment can affect fluid balance and other body systems.
Q51.In healthy adults, processed bilirubin usually leaves the liver through what?
(a) Bile
(b) Saliva only
(c) Sweat glands only
(d) Tear glands
Answer: (a) Bile
Explanation: The liver conjugates bilirubin and secretes it into bile, which enters the intestine. Intestinal metabolism contributes to the brown colour of stool. Obstruction can produce pale stools and dark urine. Clinical assessment distinguishes problems of bilirubin production, processing and bile drainage.
