Q80.Which vessel from the leg is commonly used as a graft in coronary bypass surgery?
(a) Femoral nerve
(b) Great saphenous vein
(c) Achilles tendon
(d) Bile duct
Answer: (b) Great saphenous vein
Explanation: Segments of the great saphenous vein can be harvested for coronary artery bypass grafting. Other common conduits include the internal thoracic artery and radial artery, depending on patient factors. Prevention generally combines lifestyle measures with treatment of modifiable risk factors.
Q79.What does an angiogram of the coronary arteries principally show?
(a) Coronary blood-vessel lumen and narrowing
(b) Thyroid hormone levels
(c) Bone marrow cell counts
(d) Liver bile production
Answer: (a) Coronary blood-vessel lumen and narrowing
Explanation: Coronary angiography uses contrast and X-ray imaging to assess the arterial lumen, identify important narrowing and guide treatment decisions. It does not directly measure every biological property of the plaque. Timely recognition matters because reduced organ blood supply can become an emergency.
Q78.A cardiac catheterisation laboratory is commonly called a what?
(a) Fertilisation lab
(b) Virology lab
(c) Dialysis lab
(d) Cath lab
Answer: (d) Cath lab
Explanation: A cath lab is a specialised procedure room used for catheter-based heart and vascular investigations and treatments. Coronary angiography, angioplasty and stent placement are common interventions performed there. Risk assessment also considers age, family history and associated metabolic conditions.
Q77.Which blood lipid is particularly involved in atherosclerotic plaque development?
(a) Haemoglobin alone
(b) Albumin alone
(c) LDL cholesterol
(d) Bilirubin
Answer: (c) LDL cholesterol
Explanation: Low-density lipoprotein particles can enter artery walls and contribute to plaque formation. High LDL levels are a modifiable cardiovascular risk factor, and lowering them reduces heart attack and stroke risk. Prevention generally combines lifestyle measures with treatment of modifiable risk factors.
Q76.Hypertension means persistently elevated what?
(a) Blood platelet count
(b) Blood pressure
(c) Blood bilirubin
(d) Blood oxygen only
Answer: (b) Blood pressure
Explanation: Hypertension is chronic elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure. It increases risk of stroke, heart failure, heart attack and kidney disease, sometimes without warning symptoms. Measurement over time is important. Timely recognition matters because reduced organ blood supply can become an emergency.
Q75.Which medical instrument is routinely used to measure arterial blood pressure?
(a) Sphygmomanometer
(b) Lactometer
(c) Calorimeter
(d) Spirometer
Answer: (a) Sphygmomanometer
Explanation: A sphygmomanometer measures blood pressure, commonly using an inflatable cuff and automated sensor or stethoscope. Blood pressure is reported as systolic over diastolic pressure, usually in millimetres of mercury. Risk assessment also considers age, family history and associated metabolic conditions.
Q74.What is an important risk factor for coronary heart disease?
(a) Vaccination
(b) Normal exercise
(c) Adequate fibre intake
(d) Smoking
Answer: (d) Smoking
Explanation: Smoking promotes blood-vessel injury, clot formation and narrowing of arteries. Hypertension, high LDL cholesterol, diabetes, age and family history are additional important factors in coronary heart disease. Prevention generally combines lifestyle measures with treatment of modifiable risk factors.
Q73.Which substance is released from damaged heart muscle and used in diagnosing a heart attack?
(a) Pepsin
(b) Melanin
(c) Cardiac troponin
(d) Thyroxine
Answer: (c) Cardiac troponin
Explanation: Cardiac troponin rises in blood when heart muscle cells are injured. Clinicians interpret it together with symptoms, electrocardiograms and changes over time; not every elevated troponin level means a classic heart attack. Timely recognition matters because reduced organ blood supply can become an emergency.
Q72.What is the key difference between stable angina and myocardial infarction?
(a) Infarction never involves arteries
(b) Infarction involves heart-muscle injury or death
(c) Stable angina is always fatal
(d) Angina occurs only in children
Answer: (b) Infarction involves heart-muscle injury or death
Explanation: Stable angina typically results from temporary inadequate oxygen supply during exertion without myocardial cell death. Myocardial infarction involves acute injury or necrosis and often requires urgent reperfusion treatment. Risk assessment also considers age, family history and associated metabolic conditions.
Q71.Why is physical inactivity associated with cardiovascular risk?
(a) It can worsen metabolic and vascular risk factors
(b) It permanently stops blood production
(c) It creates cancer genes directly
(d) It destroys insulin in food
Answer: (a) It can worsen metabolic and vascular risk factors
Explanation: Regular exercise helps improve blood pressure, blood lipid profile, insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Long-term inactivity may worsen several of these risk factors, increasing cardiovascular disease likelihood. Prevention generally combines lifestyle measures with treatment of modifiable risk factors.
