Q100.What does hyperglycaemia mean?
(a) High blood calcium
(b) High blood glucose
(c) Low blood glucose
(d) Low blood oxygen
Answer: (b) High blood glucose
Explanation: Hyperglycaemia is an abnormally high concentration of glucose in blood. Persistent hyperglycaemia is characteristic of diabetes mellitus and can damage nerves, kidneys, eyes and blood vessels over time. Long-term care also considers risks to eyes, nerves, kidneys and blood vessels.
Q99.Which test reflects average blood glucose over approximately two to three months?
(a) HbA1c
(b) ESR
(c) Serum sodium only
(d) Bleeding time
Answer: (a) HbA1c
Explanation: Glycated haemoglobin, or HbA1c, reflects glucose exposure of red blood cells over their lifespan, with greater weighting towards recent weeks. It assists in diagnosing and monitoring diabetes when clinically appropriate. The exact mechanism determines which treatments and monitoring strategies are useful.
Q98.Diabetes insipidus is mainly related to abnormal action or secretion of which hormone?
(a) Insulin
(b) Thyroxine
(c) Growth hormone
(d) ADH or vasopressin
Answer: (d) ADH or vasopressin
Explanation: Diabetes insipidus involves inadequate antidiuretic hormone secretion or kidney resistance to its action. It causes passage of large volumes of dilute urine and increased thirst, unlike diabetes mellitus, which concerns glucose regulation. Early recognition helps prevent avoidable metabolic and vascular complications over time.
Q97.Which organ is most directly targeted by antidiuretic hormone to conserve water?
(a) Pancreas
(b) Stomach
(c) Kidney
(d) Spleen
Answer: (c) Kidney
Explanation: ADH acts on collecting ducts in the kidneys and promotes water reabsorption through aquaporin channels. This concentrates urine and helps maintain fluid balance, explaining why ADH dysfunction causes excessive dilute urination. Long-term care also considers risks to eyes, nerves, kidneys and blood vessels.
Q96.A typical early symptom of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is which of the following?
(a) Sudden hair greying
(b) Frequent urination
(c) Persistent inability to sweat
(d) Loss of all reflexes
Answer: (b) Frequent urination
Explanation: When blood glucose rises above the renal reabsorption threshold, glucose spills into urine and draws water with it. This can cause frequent urination, thirst and dehydration, although symptoms vary between individuals. The exact mechanism determines which treatments and monitoring strategies are useful.
Q95.Diabetic retinopathy mainly damages which structure?
(a) Retinal blood vessels
(b) Achilles tendon
(c) Salivary glands
(d) Outer ear
Answer: (a) Retinal blood vessels
Explanation: Diabetic retinopathy results from chronic damage to small vessels in the retina. Screening can detect changes before noticeable vision loss. Good glucose and blood-pressure control help reduce progression risk. Early recognition helps prevent avoidable metabolic and vascular complications over time.
Q94.Which complication of diabetes involves damage to kidney filtration structures?
(a) Osteomalacia
(b) Bronchiectasis
(c) Tonsillitis
(d) Diabetic nephropathy
Answer: (d) Diabetic nephropathy
Explanation: Diabetic kidney disease can damage glomerular filtration units over time, leading to albumin in urine and reduced kidney function. Regular kidney tests and management of glucose and blood pressure are important. Long-term care also considers risks to eyes, nerves, kidneys and blood vessels.
Q93.Which term describes abnormally low blood glucose?
(a) Hyperbilirubinaemia
(b) Hyperuricaemia
(c) Hypoglycaemia
(d) Hypernatraemia
Answer: (c) Hypoglycaemia
Explanation: Hypoglycaemia means blood glucose below the normal range. It may cause sweating, tremor, hunger and confusion. Severe cases can impair consciousness and require prompt treatment with glucose or glucagon. The exact mechanism determines which treatments and monitoring strategies are useful.
Q92.Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs most commonly in association with what condition?
(a) Isolated hearing loss
(b) Marked insulin deficiency
(c) Excess vitamin D
(d) Mild iodine deficiency
Answer: (b) Marked insulin deficiency
Explanation: In severe insulin deficiency, the body increases breakdown of fat and generates acidic ketone bodies. This can produce dehydration, high glucose and metabolic acidosis. It is an emergency more common in type 1 diabetes. Early recognition helps prevent avoidable metabolic and vascular complications over time.
Q91.Insulin and glucagon are made in which part of the pancreas?
(a) Islets of Langerhans
(b) Gallbladder
(c) Duodenum
(d) Pancreatic duct
Answer: (a) Islets of Langerhans
Explanation: The endocrine islets contain beta cells secreting insulin and alpha cells secreting glucagon. These hormones have complementary roles in regulating blood glucose, unlike pancreatic digestive enzymes made by exocrine acinar cells. Long-term care also considers risks to eyes, nerves, kidneys and blood vessels.
