Q130.Yellowing of the skin and eyes from raised bile pigment is called which condition?
[SSC CGL 2020 cycle (held 23 Aug 2021, Shift 3) — 2021]
(a) Diarrhoea
(b) Constipation
(c) Vomiting
(d) Jaundice
Answer: (d) Jaundice
Explanation: Jaundice refers to yellow discoloration caused by accumulation of bilirubin. It is a sign rather than a single disease. Causes include hepatitis, bile-duct obstruction and excessive red-blood-cell breakdown. Advanced liver impairment can affect fluid balance and other body systems.
Q129.Which organ is primarily associated with jaundice?
[DSSSB PGT Biology (16 Jul 2021, Shift 1) — 2021]
(a) Liver
(b) Heart
(c) Kidney
(d) Lungs
Answer: (a) Liver
Explanation: Jaundice is yellowing of skin and sclera caused by excess bilirubin. The liver normally processes and excretes bilirubin, so liver disorders often cause jaundice; increased red-cell breakdown and bile-duct obstruction can cause it too. Clinical assessment distinguishes problems of bilirubin production, processing and bile drainage.
Q128.Posthepatic jaundice is also called what type of jaundice?
[MP Lab Technician (7 Jan 2021, Shift 2) — 2021]
(a) Haemolytic
(b) Obstructive
(c) Toxic
(d) Neonatal
Answer: (b) Obstructive
Explanation: Posthepatic or obstructive jaundice occurs when bile drainage is blocked after bilirubin has been processed by the liver. Gallstones and tumours may obstruct bile ducts, producing conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia, pale stools and dark urine. Associated symptoms and blood tests help clinicians determine the underlying cause.
Q127.Which substance has traditionally been linked to muscle fatigue after intense exercise?
[UP R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2013 — 2013]
(a) Uric acid
(b) Pyruvic acid
(c) Benzoic acid
(d) Lactic acid
Answer: (d) Lactic acid
Explanation: Many older examination keys identify lactic acid. Modern physiology is more nuanced: lactate is also a useful metabolic fuel, and fatigue involves several factors including ionic disturbances and energy availability. It is inaccurate to treat lactate as the sole cause.
Q126.Deposition of which substance is characteristic of gouty arthritis?
[UPPCS (Mains) 2013 — 2013]
(a) Urea
(b) Uric acid
(c) Albumin
(d) Cholesterol
Answer: (b) Uric acid
Explanation: Gout is an inflammatory arthritis caused by monosodium urate crystal deposits in joints. Persistently elevated urate increases risk, and attacks commonly affect the big toe, ankle or knee. Not all arthritis is gout. A precise diagnosis matters because different forms of arthritis need different treatments.
Q125.High levels of uric acid in the blood are especially associated with which disease?
[UPPCS (Mains) 2009 — 2009]
(a) Arthritis in general
(b) Gout
(c) Rheumatic fever
(d) Rheumatic heart disease
Answer: (b) Gout
Explanation: Hyperuricaemia increases the likelihood of monosodium urate crystals forming in joints and causing gout. However, many people with high uric acid never develop an attack; clinical findings and sometimes crystal analysis establish diagnosis. Joint swelling alone does not reveal the cause without appropriate clinical assessment.
Q124.What is the main biological feature that distinguishes a malignant tumour from a benign tumour?
(a) Formation of a capsule
(b) Ability to invade nearby tissues
(c) Presence of any dividing cells
(d) Location only in skin
Answer: (b) Ability to invade nearby tissues
Explanation: Malignant tumours invade surrounding structures and may spread to distant organs. Benign tumours usually remain localised, although some can still cause harm by compressing vital tissues or secreting hormones. Tumour type and stage guide decisions about diagnosis and treatment options.
Q123.What is the term for the spread of cancer cells from a primary site to a distant organ?
(a) Metastasis
(b) Hypertrophy
(c) Metaplasia
(d) Homeostasis
Answer: (a) Metastasis
Explanation: Metastasis occurs when malignant cells leave the original tumour, enter lymphatic or blood vessels, and establish new growth elsewhere. Common secondary sites include the liver, lung, brain and bone. Early evaluation is important because clinical behaviour differs greatly between tumour types.
Q122.Leukaemia primarily involves abnormal proliferation of which cells?
(a) Muscle fibres
(b) Platelets alone
(c) Cartilage cells
(d) White blood cells or their precursors
Answer: (d) White blood cells or their precursors
Explanation: Leukaemia is a group of blood and bone-marrow cancers involving abnormal blood-forming cells, often white-cell precursors. Such cells can crowd out normal marrow, leading to anaemia, infections and bleeding tendencies. The effects depend on the tissue involved and extent of spread.
Q121.Which organ normally produces most blood cells in healthy adults?
(a) Thyroid
(b) Gallbladder
(c) Red bone marrow
(d) Spleen
Answer: (c) Red bone marrow
Explanation: In adults, red bone marrow produces red cells, many white cells and platelets from haematopoietic stem cells. Leukaemia and other marrow disorders can interfere with this process and reduce healthy blood-cell output. Tumour type and stage guide decisions about diagnosis and treatment options.
