Q60. Vijayanagara was described by contemporaries as the _____ Samrajyamu.
[SSC Selection Post – 2023]
A. Kerala
B. Tamil
C. Karnataka
D. Andhra
Answer: C. Karnataka
Explanation: “Karnataka Samrajyamu” was a contemporary regional designation for Vijayanagara, reflecting the empire’s political roots and major territorial base in Karnataka.
Q59. Which Portuguese writer is particularly associated with observations on religious and social conditions under Vijayanagara?
[UGC NET History – 2023]
A. Duarte Barbosa
B. Al-Biruni
C. Marco Polo
D. Bernier
Answer: A. Duarte Barbosa
Explanation: Duarte Barbosa described South Indian ports, trade and society in the early sixteenth century, providing important testimony about religious coexistence and Vijayanagara’s commercial environment.
Q58. Which dynasty-ruler pairing is incorrectly matched?
[UPSC EPFO APFC – 2023]
A. Sangama — Harihara I
B. Saluva — Narasimha
C. Tuluva — Gunda
D. Aravidu — Tirumala
Answer: C. Tuluva — Gunda
Explanation: Harihara founded the Sangama line, Saluva Narasimha established the Saluva dynasty and Tirumala founded the Aravidu line. “Gunda” is not the founder of Tuluva rule.
Q57. Which dynasty established the Vijayanagara kingdom?
[SSC CGL – 2022]
A. Sangama
B. Nagama
C. Soma
D. Tuluva
Answer: A. Sangama
Explanation: Harihara and Bukka belonged to the Sangama dynasty, which founded Vijayanagara in 1336 and controlled the empire until the Saluva takeover in 1485.
Q56. Harihara and Bukka established Vijayanagara on the banks of which river?
[SSC CGL – 2022]
A. Betwa
B. Tungabhadra
C. Mahanadi
D. Tapi
Answer: B. Tungabhadra
Explanation: The rocky Tungabhadra valley provided natural defence, fertile agricultural areas, water resources and sacred associations, making it ideal for the Vijayanagara capital.
Q55. Anantraj Sagar Tank was constructed by rulers associated with which empire?
[SSC CGL – 2022]
A. Vijayanagara
B. Maratha
C. Pala
D. Maurya
Answer: A. Vijayanagara
Explanation: Vijayanagara rulers invested heavily in tanks, dams and canals. Water management sustained agriculture and large urban populations in relatively dry parts of southern India.
Q54. Vijayanagara Empire was founded in which year?
[SSC CPO – 2022]
A. 1210
B. 1315
C. 1336
D. 1368
Answer: C. 1336
Explanation: The standard foundation date is 1336, when Harihara I and Bukka Raya established the Sangama kingdom centred on the Tungabhadra valley.
Q53. Vijayanagara was founded on the banks of which river?
[SSC Stenographer – 2022]
A. Narmada
B. Godavari
C. Krishna
D. Tungabhadra
Answer: D. Tungabhadra
Explanation: Hampi-Vijayanagara developed beside the Tungabhadra, whose water was channelled through sophisticated reservoirs and canals serving farms, settlements and royal establishments.
Q52. Who founded the Vijayanagara Empire?
[67th BPSC Prelims – 2022]
A. Deva Raya I
B. Krishnadevaraya
C. Harihara and Bukka
D. Vira Narasimha
Answer: C. Harihara and Bukka
Explanation: Harihara I and Bukka Raya I founded the empire and inaugurated Sangama rule, building a state that became the most powerful political formation of medieval South India.
Q51. Who laid the foundation of the Vijayanagara Empire?
[UPSC NDA-II – 2022]
A. Harihara and Bukka
B. Krishnadevaraya
C. Rama Raya
D. Virupaksha Raya
Answer: A. Harihara and Bukka
Explanation: The Sangama brothers established Vijayanagara in the fourteenth century amid political fragmentation following Delhi Sultanate expansion into the Deccan.
