100. What is the typical formation of Santhal dance?
[SSC GD Constable, 31 May 2026, Shift 1]
(A)Solo dance by women
(B)Group dance in a circular or line formation involving both men and women
(C)Martial dance with swords
(D)Dance performed sitting down
Answer: (B) Group dance in a circular or line formation involving both men and women
Explanation: Santhal dance is characteristically communal, involving coordinated steps in linked lines or circles. Men and women participate in celebrations associated with agrarian and community life. Such formations express cooperation and collective identity among the Santhal people of eastern India.
99. Nongkrem dance is associated with which Indian state or Union Territory?
[SSC GD Constable, 29 May 2026, Shift 1]
(A)Gujarat
(B)Meghalaya
(C)West Bengal
(D)Ladakh
Answer: (B) Meghalaya
Explanation: The Nongkrem ceremony belongs to the Khasi cultural tradition of Meghalaya. It is observed at Smit and includes formal ritual dances and thanksgiving for community welfare and agricultural prosperity. The Khasi are well known for their matrilineal descent practices.
98. Which state hosted the inaugural Khelo India Tribal Games, held from 25 March to 3 April 2026?
[RRB Group D, 3 August 2026, Shift 2]
(A)Chhattisgarh
(B)Haryana
(C)West Bengal
(D)Punjab
Answer: (A) Chhattisgarh
Explanation: Chhattisgarh hosted the inaugural Khelo India Tribal Games in 2026. The event offered sporting opportunities to athletes from tribal communities and promoted wider participation. It is a sports-current-affairs PYQ linked to tribal development rather than a question about a traditional tribe.
97. Which state topped the medal tally at the inaugural Khelo India Tribal Games concluded in April 2026?
[RRB Group D, 18 August 2026, Shift 3]
(A)Uttar Pradesh
(B)Himachal Pradesh
(C)Karnataka
(D)Haryana
Answer: (C) Karnataka
Explanation: Karnataka was listed as the overall medal-tally leader of the inaugural 2026 event. The question connects sports results with national recognition of tribal athletes. Medal standings are event-specific facts and should not be confused with demographic rankings of Scheduled Tribes.
96. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs partnered with which organisation in 2025 to support 68 Eklavya Model Residential Schools in Chhattisgarh?
[RRB Group D, 8 January 2026, Shift 2]
(A)Steel Authority of India Limited
(B)National Thermal Power Corporation
(C)Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
(D)Coal India Limited
Answer: (D) Coal India Limited
Explanation: Coal India Limited partnered with the Ministry of Tribal Affairs for support to Eklavya Model Residential Schools. EMRS institutions seek to improve residential schooling access for Scheduled Tribe students, particularly in geographically remote districts where educational infrastructure can be limited.
95. In which traditional month is the Santhal agricultural festival Erok Sim principally observed?
[Delhi Police Head Constable, 9 January 2026, Shift 3]
(A)Bhadrapada
(B)Jyeshtha
(C)Asarh
(D)Pausha
Answer: (C) Asarh
Explanation: Erok Sim is connected with the beginning of sowing in the Santhal agricultural cycle. Asarh corresponds broadly to the monsoon arrival in June and July. Its timing helps distinguish this festival from post-harvest celebrations such as Magh Sim.
94. The Santhal Rebellion of 1855–56 principally occurred in which present-day Indian state?
[OSSC CGLRE Mains, 8 July 2026]
(A)Chhattisgarh
(B)West Bengal
(C)Jharkhand
(D)Odisha
Answer: (C) Jharkhand
Explanation: The Santhal Hool was concentrated around Damin-i-koh and the Santhal Pargana, predominantly in present-day Jharkhand. Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu became leading figures in resistance to colonial revenue practices, oppressive landlords and moneylenders. Neighbouring areas were also affected.
93. Match the communities Maasai, Semai, Bushmen and Maori
with East Africa, Malaysia, Kalahari and New Zealand respectively.
Which matching is correct?
[UPPSC LT Grade Assistant Teacher, 6 December 2025, Shift 1]
(A)Maasai–Kalahari; Semai–East Africa; Bushmen–Malaysia; Maori–New Zealand
(B)Maasai–Kalahari; Semai–New Zealand; Bushmen–East Africa; Maori–Malaysia
(C)Maasai–East Africa; Semai–New Zealand; Bushmen–Kalahari; Maori–Malaysia
(D)Maasai–East Africa; Semai–Malaysia; Bushmen–Kalahari; Maori–New Zealand
Answer: (D) Maasai–East Africa; Semai–Malaysia; Bushmen–Kalahari; Maori–New Zealand
Explanation: The Maasai are pastoralists of Kenya and Tanzania; the Semai live in Malaysia; the San, often called Bushmen, are associated with southern Africa and the Kalahari; and Maori are indigenous to New Zealand. The answer matches each community with its traditional region.
92. Which Article authorises the President to specify Scheduled Tribes for a state or Union Territory?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I, 4 September 2025, Shift 1]
(A)Article 342
(B)Article 343
(C)Article 336
(D)Article 340
Answer: (A) Article 342
Explanation: Article 342 governs specification of Scheduled Tribes. The President issues the initial notification after consultation with the concerned Governor in a state. Subsequent inclusion or exclusion from the notified list can be made by Parliament through legislation.
91. Which of the following is NOT a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group of Madhya Pradesh?
[MPPSC State Service Prelims, 16 February 2025]
(A)Saharia
(B)Baiga
(C)Bharia
(D)Asur
Answer: (D) Asur
Explanation: Madhya Pradesh identifies Baiga, Bharia and Saharia among its Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. Asur is associated with PVTG recognition in eastern India, notably Jharkhand, but is not one of Madhya Pradesh’s three recognised groups.
90. Which mission particularly targets development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups?
[SSC Selection Post, 29 August 2025, Shift 2]
(A)Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan
(B)Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission
(C)Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana
(D)National Rural Livelihoods Mission
Answer: (A) Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan
Explanation: PM-JANMAN is a targeted initiative for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. Its interventions address basic needs including habitation facilities, access to education, health services and livelihood opportunities. It is distinct from broad rural-development programmes addressing larger sections of the population.
89. Which state is particularly associated with the settlement of the Gond tribal community?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I, 9 September 2025, Shift 1]
(A)Kerala
(B)Haryana
(C)Punjab
(D)Chhattisgarh
Answer: (D) Chhattisgarh
Explanation: The Gond are a major indigenous community of central India. Chhattisgarh contains substantial Gond populations, alongside neighbouring Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana and Odisha. Traditional Gond visual art and community festivals form important parts of the region’s cultural heritage.
88. Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu led which tribal uprising?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I, 22 August 2025, Shift 2]
(A)Koya revolts
(B)Santhal Rebellion
(C)Kol Mutiny
(D)Ho uprising
Answer: (B) Santhal Rebellion
Explanation: Sidhu and Kanhu were prominent leaders of the Santhal Hool of 1855–56. Santhal communities resisted exploitation by moneylenders, landlords and British colonial revenue authorities. The rising emerged in the Santhal Pargana region and became a landmark anti-colonial movement.
87. Why are many tribal settlements historically located in forests and remote areas?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I, 9 September 2025, Shift 3]
(A)They are prohibited from entering cities
(B)Forests provide natural resources and livelihoods
(C)They have easier access to modern infrastructure
(D)Government rules require all tribes to reside there
Answer: (B) Forests provide natural resources and livelihoods
Explanation: Forests have historically supplied food, fuel, medicinal plants and materials used in several tribal livelihood systems. Settlement distribution also reflects ecology, land tenure and history. However, tribal communities are diverse, and many now live in villages, towns and cities.
86. Who were the “dikus” opposed in several early tribal revolts?
[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I, 20 June 2025, Shift 2]
(A)Forest deities
(B)Exploitative outsiders such as moneylenders, landlords and officials
(C)Tribal priests
(D)Only European military officers
Answer: (B) Exploitative outsiders such as moneylenders, landlords and officials
Explanation: Diku commonly referred to exploitative outsiders who entered tribal regions as lenders, traders, landlords or officials. Their economic demands threatened customary land access. Resistance to diku exploitation was an important feature of several uprisings, especially those of the Santhals and Mundas.
85. In which state is the Bhil tribal population particularly numerous?
[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I, 21 June 2025, Shift 2]
(A)Odisha
(B)Tamil Nadu
(C)Madhya Pradesh
(D)Kerala
Answer: (C) Madhya Pradesh
Explanation: Bhil communities are especially numerous in western Madhya Pradesh and adjoining Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra. They have varied local languages and cultural traditions. The question concerns geographical concentration and should not be treated as implying that Bhils live in only one state.
84. Besides British officials, against which groups was the Santhal Revolt of 1855–56 chiefly directed?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I, 22 August 2025, Shift 3]
(A)Zamindars and moneylenders
(B)French traders
(C)Afghan invaders
(D)Marathas and Nawabs
Answer: (A) Zamindars and moneylenders
Explanation: Moneylenders and zamindars imposed debts, excessive demands and dispossession on Santhal cultivators. These abuses, compounded by colonial administration, precipitated the 1855–56 uprising. The movement therefore combined opposition to British power with resistance to local exploitative intermediaries.
83. The Sixth Schedule chiefly concerns tribal-area administration in which region?
[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I, 24 June 2025, Shift 1]
(A)North-East India
(B)Western Ghats
(C)Andaman Islands
(D)Central India
Answer: (A) North-East India
Explanation: The Sixth Schedule establishes special autonomous district and regional council arrangements in designated tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. It gives certain local legislative and administrative powers to councils to protect customary institutions and community interests.
82. U Tirot Sing resisted British road-building efforts in which hills?
[SSC CPO, 9 December 2025, Shift 2]
(A)Mizoram Hills
(B)Naga Hills
(C)Khasi Hills
(D)Lushai Hills
Answer: (C) Khasi Hills
Explanation: Tirot Sing was a Khasi chief who opposed British attempts to extend political and military control through road construction in the Khasi Hills. His resistance in the early nineteenth century is remembered as an important chapter of northeastern anti-colonial history.
81. What best describes the central demand of Birsa Munda’s Ulgulan movement?
[SSC CPO, 9 December 2025, Shift 1]
(A)Conversion of missionaries
(B)A separate Munda kingdom under the Crown
(C)Restoration of tribal land rights and opposition to dikus
(D)Religious reform without any challenge to British rule
Answer: (C) Restoration of tribal land rights and opposition to dikus
Explanation: Birsa Munda’s Ulgulan challenged alienation of Munda land and exploitation by colonial authorities and outsiders. It also had religious and social dimensions. Its significance lies in the combined struggle for customary rights, dignity and a different political order.
80. Which settlement pattern is often associated with tribal villages in hilly or forested terrain?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I, 14 August 2025, Shift 2]
(A)Skyscraper clusters
(B)Planned metropolitan grid
(C)High-rise commercial blocks
(D)Scattered or linear village arrangements
Answer: (D) Scattered or linear village arrangements
Explanation: Terrain, paths, streams and access to cultivation influence the form of settlements. In hilly and forested regions, homes may be scattered or arranged along routes. Such patterns are not universal characteristics of tribes but reflect local environmental conditions.
79. What did Bhagirath Majhi promise followers among the Santhals?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I, 2 September 2025, Shift 2]
(A)Restoration of tribal kingdoms
(B)Modern government jobs
(C)Immediate independence from British rule
(D)Restoration of land and divine protection
Answer: (D) Restoration of land and divine protection
Explanation: Bhagirath Majhi was linked to religious and social mobilisation among Santhals after the 1855 uprising. His message invoked moral reform and promised restoration of ancestral rights and spiritual protection, showing how land concerns and religious ideas intertwined.
78. Hool Diwas on 30 June commemorates the Santhal rebellion of which year?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I, 4 September 2025, Shift 3]
(A)1840
(B)1855
(C)1845
(D)1850
Answer: (B) 1855
Explanation: The Santhal Hool began in 1855, with mobilisation led by Sidhu, Kanhu and other members of the Murmu family. Hool Diwas recalls their defiance of oppression. The uprising spread across areas now principally located in Jharkhand.
77. Consider:
(1) Erok Sim is celebrated by Santhals;
(2) Sangken is a Buddhist festival in Arunachal Pradesh.
Which is correct?
[CDS-II General Knowledge, 14 September 2025]
(A)1 only
(B)2 only
(C)Both 1 and 2
(D)Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2
Explanation: Erok Sim is tied to Santhal agricultural rites, especially the beginning of sowing. Sangken is a Buddhist new-year festival observed among communities in Arunachal Pradesh. The two festivals have different religious settings but are both correctly described.
76. Mayurbhanj Chhau is traditionally associated with which state?
[SSC GD Constable, 11 February 2025, Shift 3]
(A)Tripura
(B)Odisha
(C)Bihar
(D)Assam
Answer: (B) Odisha
Explanation: Mayurbhanj Chhau developed in the Mayurbhanj region of Odisha. Its powerful body movements draw on martial and folk traditions, and this particular style differs from masked Chhau traditions in Purulia and Seraikela because it is generally performed without masks.
75. Kunbi tribal dance is predominantly associated with which state?
[SSC GD Constable, 17 February 2025, Shift 2]
(A)Odisha
(B)Goa
(C)Sikkim
(D)Uttarakhand
Answer: (B) Goa
Explanation: Kunbi dance is an important Goan folk tradition associated with Kunbi communities. Group movements, songs and characteristic dress reflect agricultural and social life. The question tests a specific community–dance–state association frequently examined in static cultural general knowledge.
74. According to Census 2011, which state among these reported no notified Scheduled Tribe population?
[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I, 23 June 2025, Shift 1]
(A)Punjab
(B)Odisha
(C)Maharashtra
(D)Kerala
Answer: (A) Punjab
Explanation: Punjab reported no notified Scheduled Tribe population in the 2011 Census tables. This fact relates to constitutional listing and census classification, not an assertion that no communities with distinctive traditions exist there. Odisha, Maharashtra and Kerala all reported ST populations.
73. Which statement about Birsa Munda is incorrect?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I, 28 August 2025, Shift 3]
(A)He called for resistance to Europeans
(B)He evoked a golden age for Mundas
(C)He was born in the forests of Madhya Pradesh
(D)He attended a missionary school
Answer: (C) He was born in the forests of Madhya Pradesh
Explanation: Birsa Munda was born at Ulihatu in present-day Jharkhand, not Madhya Pradesh. He later became the central figure of Ulgulan. The movement opposed outsider domination and invoked restoration of rights associated with earlier Munda social arrangements.
72. The Khasi Hills and Garo Hills are located in which state?
[MP Police Constable, 21 November 2025, Shift 2]
(A)Mizoram
(B)Nagaland
(C)Meghalaya
(D)Arunachal Pradesh
Answer: (C) Meghalaya
Explanation: The Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hill regions form prominent parts of Meghalaya’s landscape. Their names reflect large indigenous communities of the state. Khasi and Garo descent traditions are widely recognised for tracing family affiliation through maternal lines.
71. Dussehra and Dadariya dance traditions in Madhya Pradesh are associated with which tribe?
[MP Police Constable, 22 November 2025, Shift 1]
(A)Saharia
(B)Gond
(C)Baiga
(D)Bhil
Answer: (C) Baiga
Explanation: The Baiga communities of central India retain several dance and song traditions. The Dadariya form is linked to expressive folk songs, while Dussehra celebrations include community performance. Baiga groups are also designated PVTGs in parts of central India.
70. What materials did Gond artists traditionally employ to make paintings?
[MP Police Constable, 11 December 2025, Shift 2]
(A)Natural colours from soil, leaves and charcoal
(B)Synthetic dye on silk only
(C)Oil paint on varnished wood only
(D)Modern acrylics exclusively
Answer: (A) Natural colours from soil, leaves and charcoal
Explanation: Traditional Gond painting draws on pigments found in the natural environment, including earth, plant matter and charcoal. Works may depict animals, trees and stories. Contemporary Gond artists also use paper and modern materials while preserving characteristic patterns and motifs.
69. In Rigvedic usage, what did “Jana” chiefly denote?
[SSC Selection Post Higher Secondary, 25 July 2025, Shift 2]
(A)A large empire
(B)A tribe or group of related families
(C)A village council
(D)A guild of artisans
Answer: (B) A tribe or group of related families
Explanation: Jana designated a people or tribal collectivity in the early Vedic social order. Smaller groups such as families and villages were parts of wider kin-based communities. It did not originally mean an imperial state or specialised occupational guild.
68. Which statements about the Sixth Schedule are true:
(1) it covers tribal areas of Assam and Tripura;
(2) councils have powers concerning certain forests;
(3) it applies to Jharkhand?
[SSC Selection Post Graduate, 24 July 2025, Shift 3]
(A)1 and 2 only
(B)2 and 3 only
(C)1 and 3 only
(D)1, 2 and 3
Answer: (A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: The Sixth Schedule provides autonomous-council arrangements in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram, not Jharkhand. Councils may regulate specified subjects including forests other than reserved forests. Thus the first two statements are correct, while the third is not.
67. Which of these communities is principally found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands?
[RPF Constable, 7 March 2025, Shift 1]
(A)Toto
(B)Koraga
(C)Kadar
(D)Onge
Answer: (D) Onge
Explanation: The Onge are an indigenous community of Little Andaman in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are listed among Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. Toto communities are associated with northern West Bengal, whereas Koraga and Kadar occur in southern India.
66. Who led the Munda Rebellion and is remembered as a tribal hero?
[OSSSC Combined Recruitment Prelims, 3 November 2025, Shift 2]
(A)Birsa Munda
(B)Majnu Shah
(C)Shariatullah Khan
(D)Sidhu Murmu
Answer: (A) Birsa Munda
Explanation: Birsa Munda led the movement known as Ulgulan in the Chotanagpur region during the late nineteenth century. It challenged colonial rule and loss of customary land. Sidhu Murmu, another major tribal leader, belonged instead to the earlier Santhal uprising.
65. Consider:
(1) A state Governor recognises and declares its Scheduled Tribes;
(2) a tribe notified in one state need not have ST status in another.
Which statement is correct?
[UPSC CSE Prelims, General Studies, 2024]
(A)1 only
(B)2 only
(C)Both 1 and 2
(D)Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (B) 2 only
Explanation: The President specifies Scheduled Tribes under Article 342 after consulting a state Governor. Recognition is state-specific; a community may be notified in one state but not another. Parliament, rather than individual governors, changes the list through legislation.
64. Which state is especially associated with matrilineal tribal communities tracing descent through women?
[WBCS 2023 Mains History, held 18 August 2024]
(A)Kerala
(B)Karnataka
(C)Meghalaya
(D)Odisha
Answer: (C) Meghalaya
Explanation: The Khasi, Garo and Jaintia of Meghalaya have prominent matrilineal traditions. Descent and family affiliation are traced through women, and inheritance commonly follows maternal lines. Matriliny should not be confused with matriarchy, since public authority may still involve men.
63. In which state are Toda communities predominantly found?
[WBCS 2023 Mains History, held 18 August 2024]
(A)Tamil Nadu
(B)Bihar
(C)Sikkim
(D)Jharkhand
Answer: (A) Tamil Nadu
Explanation: The Toda live chiefly in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu. Their culture is associated with buffalo pastoralism, distinctive curved-roof dwellings and embroidered textiles. Toda society is geographically and culturally different from the Khasi and Garo communities of the Northeast.
62. Which two criteria help classify Scheduled Tribe communities as PVTGs:
(i) caste;
(ii) stagnant or declining population;
(iii) very low literacy;
(iv) sex ratio?
[CGPSC Prelims, 11 February 2024]
(A)i and ii
(B)iii and iv
(C)i and iv
(D)ii and iii
Answer: (D) ii and iii
Explanation: Identifying Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups involves characteristics such as stagnant or declining population, low literacy, pre-agricultural technology and economic vulnerability. Caste and sex ratio alone are not the named criteria in this question. PVTGs receive focused welfare attention.
61. Which tribal dance is prevalent in Andhra Pradesh’s Araku Valley?
[SSC MTS, 23 October 2024, Shift 1]
(A)Dhimsa
(B)Bagurumba
(C)Jhumur
(D)Bardo Chham
Answer: (A) Dhimsa
Explanation: Dhimsa is performed among tribal communities in the Araku Valley of Andhra Pradesh. Dancers often move rhythmically in a group, accompanied by percussion. Bagurumba, by contrast, is associated with Assam’s Bodo community, while Bardo Chham belongs to Arunachal Pradesh.
60. Sarhul, a spring and agricultural festival celebrated by tribal communities, is especially linked with which state?
[SSC MTS, 7 October 2024, Shift 1]
(A)Uttarakhand
(B)Sikkim
(C)Jharkhand
(D)Gujarat
Answer: (C) Jharkhand
Explanation: Sarhul is observed particularly by Munda, Oraon and Ho communities in Jharkhand and nearby areas. Rituals honour nature and the sal tree during the spring season. Communal dancing and village worship mark renewal, fertility and the coming agricultural cycle.
59. Which community primarily celebrates Losoong in Sikkim?
[SSC MTS, 22 October 2024, Shift 3]
(A)Bhil
(B)Khasi
(C)Kurumba
(D)Bhutia
Answer: (D) Bhutia
Explanation: Losoong marks the harvest and new-year season in Sikkim, particularly among the Bhutia community. Buddhist monastery activities and cultural performances are connected with celebrations. It belongs to Himalayan cultural traditions rather than the central Indian tribal festival cycle.
58. Which state had the largest Scheduled Tribe population in absolute numbers in Census 2011?
[SSC MTS, 4 November 2024, Shift 3]
(A)Odisha
(B)Madhya Pradesh
(C)Jharkhand
(D)Chhattisgarh
Answer: (B) Madhya Pradesh
Explanation: Madhya Pradesh had the largest absolute Scheduled Tribe population according to Census 2011. Absolute numbers differ from the percentage of ST residents within a state. Mizoram, for example, has a far higher proportional ST share despite a smaller overall population.
57. The Apatani dance Pakhu Itu belongs to which state?
[SSC MTS, 9 October 2024, Shift 2]
(A)Assam
(B)Himachal Pradesh
(C)Arunachal Pradesh
(D)Chhattisgarh
Answer: (C) Arunachal Pradesh
Explanation: Apatani people chiefly inhabit Ziro Valley in Arunachal Pradesh. Pakhu Itu belongs to their cultural repertoire. The community is also noted for intensive wet-rice cultivation and the management of agricultural landscapes suited to the highland valley environment.
56. Gaur Maria is a traditional tribal dance of which state?
[SSC MTS, 16 October 2024, Shift 2]
(A)Chhattisgarh
(B)Telangana
(C)Rajasthan
(D)Gujarat
Answer: (A) Chhattisgarh
Explanation: Gaur Maria dancing is associated with the Maria communities of Bastar in Chhattisgarh. It is a vigorous group tradition performed at community occasions. The dance is one expression of the region’s broader Gond-related cultural heritage and ceremonial life.
55. For which tribal music and dance tradition was Arjun Singh Dhurve honoured with Tulsi Samman?
[SSC CGL Tier I, 25 September 2024, Shift 3]
(A)Mardana
(B)Pawara
(C)Baiga
(D)Jhumta
Answer: (C) Baiga
Explanation: Arjun Singh Dhurve is known for work preserving and performing Baiga music and dance. The Tulsi Samman recognised that cultural contribution. The Baiga are found chiefly in forested central Indian areas, notably Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
54. Elakkakadi dance of Kerala is associated with which tribal community?
[SSC CGL Tier I, 19 September 2024, Shift 3]
(A)Irular
(B)Kurumba
(C)Toda
(D)Garo
Answer: (A) Irular
Explanation: Elakkakadi is identified in the cited examination with the Irular community. Irular populations live principally in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, particularly around the Nilgiris. This association is distinct from Toda pastoral traditions and the Garo traditions of Meghalaya.
53. Janjatiya Gaurav Divas, observed on 15 November, honours the birth anniversary of which freedom fighter?
[SSC CGL Tier I, 25 September 2024, Shift 3]
(A)Birsa Munda
(B)Kanhu Murmu
(C)Arjun Munda
(D)Veer Narayan Singh
Answer: (A) Birsa Munda
Explanation: November 15 is the birth anniversary of Birsa Munda, born in 1875. Janjatiya Gaurav Divas recognises tribal contributions to India’s history and resistance to colonial oppression. Birsa’s Ulgulan remains closely associated with land rights and self-determination.
52. The Lokrangjan festival celebrates folk and tribal culture of which state?
[SSC CGL Tier I, 26 September 2024, Shift 1]
(A)Madhya Pradesh
(B)Jharkhand
(C)Manipur
(D)Meghalaya
Answer: (A) Madhya Pradesh
Explanation: Lokrangjan is identified with Madhya Pradesh and showcases regional folk and tribal performing arts. Such festivals bring dance, music and traditional forms to wider audiences. Their significance is cultural preservation rather than association with any single Scheduled Tribe.
51. The Raika pastoral community is chiefly associated with which state?
[SSC CHSL Tier I, 3 July 2024, Shift 3]
(A)Kerala
(B)West Bengal
(C)Rajasthan
(D)Manipur
Answer: (C) Rajasthan
Explanation: Raika pastoralists, also called Rabari in some contexts, are closely linked to Rajasthan. Camel breeding and animal husbandry have traditionally been important occupations. Their livelihood practices reflect dryland conditions and historic movement across the desert and surrounding regions.
50. Which of these communities does NOT traditionally live in India?
[SSC CHSL Tier I, 4 July 2024, Shift 4]
(A)Gond
(B)Maasai
(C)Santhal
(D)Tharu
Answer: (B) Maasai
Explanation: The Maasai are an East African community associated especially with Kenya and Tanzania. Gond, Santhal and Tharu communities live in India, although some have populations across international borders. This is a geographical distinction rather than a judgement about indigenous identity.
49. Which Rajasthan dance is associated with the Bhil community?
[SSC GD Constable, 7 March 2024, Shift 3]
(A)Bihu
(B)Garba
(C)Raas Leela
(D)Ghoomar
Answer: (D) Ghoomar
Explanation: Ghoomar has historical links to Bhil women’s dancing traditions and later became widely identified with Rajasthani cultural life. Its circular movements and swirling costumes are characteristic. The form is now performed beyond the Bhil community at festivals and social occasions.
48. How many Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups were identified for the PM PVTG Mission?
[SSC GD Constable, 7 March 2024, Shift 2]
(A)75
(B)85
(C)70
(D)80
Answer: (A) 75
Explanation: India recognises 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. The category identifies sections of Scheduled Tribes facing especially serious social and developmental disadvantages. Special programmes address infrastructure, health, schooling, housing and livelihoods with interventions tailored to local circumstances.
47. Rongker festival is celebrated primarily by which tribe?
[SSC GD Constable, 27 February 2024, Shift 2]
(A)Dimasa
(B)Tiwa
(C)Khasi
(D)Karbi
Answer: (D) Karbi
Explanation: Rongker is an important festival of the Karbi people of Assam. Community rites seek prosperity, protection and freedom from misfortune. The Karbi community is particularly associated with the Karbi Anglong hills, although its members also live in adjoining areas.
46. Kharchi, Garia and Ker Puja are prominent festivals of tribal communities in which state?
[SSC GD Constable, 7 March 2024, Shift 3]
(A)Telangana
(B)Tamil Nadu
(C)Arunachal Pradesh
(D)Tripura
Answer: (D) Tripura
Explanation: Tripura’s indigenous communities observe festivals including Kharchi Puja, Garia Puja and Ker Puja. These ceremonies involve local deities, agricultural wellbeing and communal protection. Their combination provides a distinctive clue to Tripura’s complex indigenous cultural history.
45. Under Jharkhand’s Abua Awas Yojana, which applicants receive priority:
(A) homeless persons;
(B) PVTG members;
(C) government employees?
[IB ACIO Grade II, 17 January 2024, Shift 2]
(A)A and B
(B)A and C
(C)A, B and C
(D)B and C
Answer: (A) A and B
Explanation: Abua Awas Yojana was created to assist eligible people without adequate housing in Jharkhand. The scheme prioritises disadvantaged households, including Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. Current or retired government employees are not a priority beneficiary category in the stated eligibility conditions.
44. In which Lok Sabha constituency did members of the Shompen community vote for the first time in April 2024?
[BPSC 70th Prelims, 13 December 2024]
(A)Tripura East
(B)Vizianagaram
(C)Tura
(D)Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Answer: (D) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Explanation: Shompen people live principally on Great Nicobar Island and are classified among PVTGs. Participation by some Shompen voters in the 2024 general election attracted national attention. Their parliamentary constituency is the Andaman and Nicobar Islands seat.
43. Where are the Jarawa people predominantly found?
[CSIR Junior Stenographer, 7 January 2024]
(A)Assam
(B)Lakshadweep
(C)Sri Lanka
(D)Andaman Islands
Answer: (D) Andaman Islands
Explanation: Jarawa communities live mainly in parts of South and Middle Andaman. They are among the indigenous peoples of the Andaman Islands and are classed as a PVTG. Their habitat and rights require particular protection against harmful outside contact.
42. What was the chief social unit of the early Vedic Aryans?
[SSC CGL Tier I, 26 July 2023, Shift 1]
(A)Rajan
(B)Parishad
(C)Gana
(D)Jana
Answer: (D) Jana
Explanation: Jana meant a tribe or a people within the Rigvedic social order. Rajan referred to the leader, while several smaller kin and settlement units helped form a larger tribal community. The question tests terminology of early Indian social organisation.
41. Padma Shri recipient Arjun Singh Dhurve is particularly known for which tribal dance?
[SSC CGL Tier I, 17 July 2023, Shift 4]
(A)Baiga
(B)Chhau
(C)Santhal
(D)Tertali
Answer: (A) Baiga
Explanation: Arjun Singh Dhurve was recognised for his contribution to Baiga performing arts. These traditions are found chiefly in central India and are part of the cultural practices of Baiga communities. The distinction from Chhau matters because both are examined as cultural forms.
40. Which festival was begun by the Nagaland government in 2000 to encourage cultural interaction among tribes?
[SSC CGL Tier I, 18 July 2023, Shift 1]
(A)Hornbill Festival
(B)Nazu Festival
(C)Gaan-Ngai Festival
(D)Nuakhai Festival
Answer: (A) Hornbill Festival
Explanation: Nagaland launched the Hornbill Festival to present and preserve the diverse customs, dances and crafts of its indigenous communities. It is often called a festival of festivals. It is a state-wide showcase rather than an event restricted to one tribe.
39. Which dance is performed by the Santhal community of Jharkhand?
[SSC CGL Tier I, 14 July 2023, Shift 4]
(A)Jhika Dasain
(B)Kolkali
(C)Ghumar
(D)Koli
Answer: (A) Jhika Dasain
Explanation: Jhika Dasain is associated with Santhal celebrations and their music-and-dance traditions. Kolkali belongs to Kerala, Ghumar to Rajasthan and Koli dances to Maharashtra’s fishing communities. Comparing the states prevents confusion among commonly listed folk forms.
38. Nongkrem festival of Meghalaya belongs to which community?
[SSC CHSL Tier I, 4 August 2023, Shift 3]
(A)Apatani
(B)Khasi
(C)Tutsa
(D)Galo
Answer: (B) Khasi
Explanation: Nongkrem is a ritual festival of Khasi communities in Meghalaya. It features dances and offerings associated with prosperity and good harvests. Apatani, Tutsa and Galo are communities associated principally with Arunachal Pradesh, making Khasi the correct regional match.
37. Paika dance of Jharkhand, performed at processions and guest receptions, is associated with which tribe?
[SSC MTS, 5 September 2023, Shift 2]
(A)Santhal
(B)Munda
(C)Oraon
(D)Bhumij
Answer: (B) Munda
Explanation: Paika is a vigorous martial-style dance identified with the Munda community of Jharkhand. Performers demonstrate coordinated movements often suggesting combat skills. It appears at special gatherings and processions and should not be confused with the broader Paika martial history of Odisha.
36. Tapu dance of Arunachal Pradesh is associated with which community?
[SSC MTS, 12 May 2023, Shift 1]
(A)Munda
(B)Damor
(C)Garasia
(D)Adi
Answer: (D) Adi
Explanation: Tapu is a cultural dance of the Adi community of Arunachal Pradesh. Adi communities inhabit several valleys and hill districts and maintain rich oral, ceremonial and musical traditions. Munda, Damor and Garasia are more closely associated with other Indian regions.
35. Ka Shad Mastieh, a victory dance from Meghalaya, is linked with which community?
[SSC MTS, 4 September 2023, Shift 2]
(A)Bhoi
(B)War
(C)Khasi
(D)Jaintia
Answer: (C) Khasi
Explanation: Ka Shad Mastieh is identified in the cited paper as a Khasi victory dance. It belongs to a regional repertoire of ritual and communal performances. Khasi traditions are strongly associated with Meghalaya and differ from the separate cultural repertoires of Bhoi and Jaintia communities.
34. Bagurumba singing and dance at the arrival of spring is associated with which people?
[SSC MTS, 12 September 2023, Shift 2]
(A)Bodo
(B)Khasi
(C)Garo
(D)Karbi
Answer: (A) Bodo
Explanation: Bagurumba is a celebrated Bodo dance of Assam, particularly performed by women during seasonal festivities. Graceful arm movements are often compared with nature. The Bodo are a major northeastern indigenous community with a distinctive language and cultural tradition.
33. Rathwa dancers perform on Holi in which state?
[SSC MTS, 8 September 2023, Shift 2]
(A)Andhra Pradesh
(B)Telangana
(C)Maharashtra
(D)Gujarat
Answer: (D) Gujarat
Explanation: The Rathwa community is prominent in eastern Gujarat, especially around Chhota Udaipur. Dance and the Pithora painting tradition are significant cultural expressions. Holi celebrations provide an occasion for performing Rathwa group dances and reinforcing community ties.
32. Dandari troupes of Kolam and Raj Gond communities perform which dance during Diwali?
[SSC MTS, 4 September 2023, Shift 3]
(A)Chhau
(B)Baiga Pardhoni
(C)Ghusadi
(D)Raut Nacha
Answer: (C) Ghusadi
Explanation: Ghusadi is associated with Dandari troupes and Kolam and Raj Gond communities, particularly in Telangana and adjoining areas. The dance is performed during the festive season around Diwali. Other listed dances arise from different cultural settings.
31. Gaur Maria, a joyful ceremonial group dance involving men and women, belongs to which state?
[SSC MTS, 5 September 2023, Shift 2]
(A)Maharashtra
(B)Rajasthan
(C)Gujarat
(D)Chhattisgarh
Answer: (D) Chhattisgarh
Explanation: Gaur Maria is associated with tribal communities of Bastar, especially Maria groups in Chhattisgarh. It is known for energetic collective dancing at ceremonies. The question asks for the state rather than the name of the community itself.
30. What does the abbreviation PVTG stand for in Indian tribal administration?
[SSC MTS 2022 cycle, 16 May 2023, Shift 3]
(A)Periodic Vulnerable Tribal Groups
(B)Periodic Various Tribal Groups
(C)Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups
(D)Particularly Various Tribal Groups
Answer: (C) Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups
Explanation: PVTG stands for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group. It is a subcategory identified among Scheduled Tribes whose communities face severe developmental disadvantages. India recognises 75 such groups, and special schemes seek to improve access to basic services and resources.
29. Which among Dang, Toda, Badaga and Irula is NOT predominantly a South Indian community?
[SSC MTS 2022 cycle, 16 June 2023, Shift 2]
(A)Dang
(B)Toda
(C)Badaga
(D)Irula
Answer: (A) Dang
Explanation: Dang is associated primarily with Gujarat in western India. Toda, Badaga and Irula communities are linked with Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiri region, though their precise social and legal classifications vary. Geographic association is the focus of the question.
28. Which listed tribal language belongs to the Indo-European language family?
[SSC MTS 2022 cycle, 19 June 2023, Shift 1]
(A)Korwa
(B)Bhili
(C)Gondi
(D)Garo
Answer: (B) Bhili
Explanation: Bhili belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family and is spoken by Bhil communities. Gondi is Dravidian, while Garo is Tibeto-Burman. Korwa varieties are associated with a different linguistic grouping. The item tests language-family classification.
27. The Garo community is primarily associated with which region of India?
[SSC MTS 2022 cycle, 12 May 2023, Shift 2]
(A)Western
(B)Southern
(C)North-eastern
(D)South-western
Answer: (C) North-eastern
Explanation: Garos predominantly inhabit Meghalaya’s Garo Hills and adjoining northeastern areas. Their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman family, and matrilineal descent is a prominent cultural feature. The community also has populations outside India, particularly in Bangladesh.
26. Who were Bedouins in historical descriptions of Arabian society?
[KVS PGT History, 18 February 2023, Shift 1]
(A)Military commanders
(B)Horse traders
(C)Camel nomads
(D)Settled agriculturalists
Answer: (C) Camel nomads
Explanation: Bedouins are traditionally pastoral Arab groups associated with desert environments in Arabia and neighbouring regions. Camels and other livestock were vital to mobility and livelihood. The term refers to a diverse range of communities rather than one uniform ethnic tribe.
25. Which of these is identified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group in Karnataka?
[Karnataka Police Sub-Inspector, 8 January 2023]
(A)Kadu Kuruba
(B)Jenu Kuruba
(C)Hasalaru
(D)Soligaru
Answer: (B) Jenu Kuruba
Explanation: Jenu Kuruba is a recognised PVTG community in Karnataka. The name is associated with honey collection, although present-day occupations are diverse. PVTG designation highlights specific vulnerabilities and is not synonymous with the broader constitutional list of Scheduled Tribes.
24. Which listed communities were included in Scheduled Tribe recognition measures in 2022: Narikoravan, Hattee, Kadu Kuruba, Kapu?
[SSC CGL Tier II 2022 cycle, held 3 March 2023]
(A)Narikoravan, Hattee and Kadu Kuruba only
(B)Hattee, Kadu Kuruba and Kapu only
(C)Narikoravan and Kapu only
(D)All four
Answer: (A) Narikoravan, Hattee and Kadu Kuruba only
Explanation: Parliament considered or enacted state-specific Scheduled Tribe amendments affecting Narikoravan and related Tamil Nadu communities, Hattee in Himachal Pradesh and Kadu Kuruba terminology in Karnataka. Kapu was not among the listed inclusions in this question.
23. Which of these is among India’s largest tribal communities according to Census 2011?
[Delhi Police Constable, 22 November 2023, Shift 1]
(A)Kodava
(B)Bhil
(C)Khasi
(D)Bhutia
Answer: (B) Bhil
Explanation: Bhil is among the numerically largest Scheduled Tribe communities in India, with especially large populations in western and central states. Comparisons should be based on the same census year and nationwide totals, not a count restricted to Madhya Pradesh.
22. The Onge community resides in which Union Territory?
[RRB NTPC CBT II, June 2022]
(A)Puducherry
(B)Delhi
(C)Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(D)Lakshadweep
Answer: (C) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Explanation: The Onge are an indigenous people of Little Andaman Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are classified among India’s Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. Their small population and restricted island habitat make protection of traditional rights especially important.
21. Wangala, known as a harvest celebration of the Garo people, is chiefly observed in which state?
[RRB NTPC CBT II, June 2022]
(A)Meghalaya
(B)Ladakh
(C)Himachal Pradesh
(D)Uttarakhand
Answer: (A) Meghalaya
Explanation: Wangala is widely called the Hundred Drums Festival. Garo communities mark the harvest and honour their traditional deity associated with crops. The celebration includes rhythmic drumming, dance and traditional attire, particularly in Meghalaya’s Garo Hills region.
20. Which state has the largest number of separately identified Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups?
[OSSC CGL, 2022]
(A)Odisha
(B)Madhya Pradesh
(C)Andhra Pradesh
(D)Bihar
Answer: (A) Odisha
Explanation: Odisha is home to 13 of India’s 75 notified PVTGs, the largest state-wise number. These include groups such as Bonda and Dongria Kondh. A count of recognised groups is different from the total number of individuals belonging to tribal communities.
19. On which island do the Mishing people have notable settlements?
[RRB NTPC CBT I, 2021]
(A)Minicoy Island
(B)Majuli Island
(C)Lakshadweep Island
(D)Andaman Island
Answer: (B) Majuli Island
Explanation: Majuli is a river island in the Brahmaputra in Assam with a significant Mishing population. The Mishing maintain distinctive weaving, housing and festival traditions. Majuli should not be confused with oceanic islands in Lakshadweep or the Andaman Sea.
18. The Maasai are an indigenous pastoral people of which continent?
[RRB NTPC CBT I, 2021]
(A)Antarctica
(B)North America
(C)Africa
(D)Europe
Answer: (C) Africa
Explanation: Maasai communities principally inhabit southern Kenya and northern Tanzania in East Africa. Livestock, particularly cattle, occupy an important role in traditional livelihoods and ceremonies. The Maasai are distinct from the San peoples of southern Africa and the Sami of northern Europe.
17. Which tribal language was granted official-language status in West Bengal and is listed as endangered by UNESCO?
[WBCS Preliminary Examination, 2020]
(A)Santali
(B)Kurukh
(C)Kurmali
(D)Sadri
Answer: (B) Kurukh
Explanation: Kurukh, a Dravidian language spoken by Oraon communities, received official-language recognition in West Bengal. UNESCO’s endangered-language classification reflects pressure on intergenerational transmission. Santali has a separate constitutional status as a language included in the Eighth Schedule.
16. Dhuku is a type of marriage associated with which tribe?
[Chhattisgarh PSC Prelims, 2020]
(A)Pando
(B)Korwa
(C)Muria
(D)Kamar
Answer: (B) Korwa
Explanation: Dhuku is identified in regional ethnographic and Chhattisgarh examination literature with Korwa marriage practices. Marriage customs and their names vary across communities and localities. The examination tests the community association rather than a general legal definition of marriage.
15. Which tribal community and habitat pair is NOT correctly matched?
[UPPSC PCS Preliminary Examination, 2019]
(A)Pygmies — Congo Basin
(B)Angami — Nagaland
(C)Ainu — Japan
(D)Kyrgyz — Sudan
Answer: (D) Kyrgyz — Sudan
Explanation: Kyrgyz communities are historically associated with Central Asia, especially Kyrgyzstan, not Sudan. The other matches refer broadly to Central African forest peoples, the Angami of Nagaland and the Indigenous Ainu of Japan. Historical group labels may cover diverse communities.
14. Which dance is associated with the Garasia community of Rajasthan?
[RPSC RAS Preliminary Examination, 2018]
(A)Gavari
(B)Loor
(C)Bam
(D)Terah Taali
Answer: (B) Loor
Explanation: Loor is recognised as a community dance associated with the Garasia people of Rajasthan. Garasia communities inhabit parts of southern Rajasthan and adjoining areas. Gavari is linked chiefly with Bhil ritual theatre, while Terah Taali has a separate folk-performance tradition.
13. Dhumkuriya is the traditional youth dormitory institution of which tribe?
[Chhattisgarh PSC Preliminary Examination, 2018]
(A)Nagasia
(B)Kamar
(C)Oraon
(D)Bhaina
Answer: (C) Oraon
Explanation: Dhumkuriya is a traditional youth dormitory and educational social institution associated with the Oraon community. Such institutions historically supported the transmission of music, customary knowledge and collective responsibilities. They should be understood in their social context rather than as modern school hostels.
12. Which one of the following pairs of tribe and state is NOT correctly matched?
[UPSC NDA I, General Ability Test, 23 April 2017]
(A)Tharu — Madhya Pradesh
(B)Adi — Arunachal Pradesh
(C)Irula — Kerala
(D)Shaharia — Rajasthan
Answer: (A) Tharu — Madhya Pradesh
Explanation: Tharu communities live mainly in the Terai regions of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, not predominantly in Madhya Pradesh. Adi are associated with Arunachal Pradesh, Irula with southern India including Kerala, and Saharia or Shaharia with Rajasthan and central India.
11. Which statements about Scheduled Tribe population in Census 2011 are correct:
(1) Madhya Pradesh has the largest absolute ST population;
(2) Mizoram has the highest ST percentage;
(3) Chhattisgarh ranks second by absolute ST population;
(4) Arunachal Pradesh ranks second by ST percentage?
[UPSC CDS II, General Knowledge, 2016]
(A)1 and 2 only
(B)2 and 4 only
(C)1, 2 and 3
(D)2, 3 and 4
Answer: (A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Madhya Pradesh had the largest absolute Scheduled Tribe population among states, while Mizoram had the highest percentage of ST residents among states. Maharashtra was ahead of Chhattisgarh in absolute count, and Nagaland exceeded Arunachal Pradesh in ST percentage.
10. Andi and Oportipi are forms of marriage associated with which community?
[Jharkhand PSC Preliminary Examination, 2016]
(A)Ho
(B)Paharia
(C)Munda
(D)Oraon
Answer: (A) Ho
Explanation: Andi and Oportipi are marriage forms described for the Ho community of Jharkhand and neighbouring eastern regions. Different forms reflect the diverse customary processes by which marriage may be arranged or recognised. The terms are specific to the community’s ethnographic traditions.
9. Match the tribes Toda, Lepcha, Birhor and Garo with Tamil Nadu, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Meghalaya, respectively. Which option gives the correct sequence?
[UPPSC PCS Preliminary Examination, 2015]
(A)Tamil Nadu–Meghalaya–Sikkim–Jharkhand
(B)Tamil Nadu–Sikkim–Jharkhand–Meghalaya
(C)Meghalaya–Tamil Nadu–Jharkhand–Sikkim
(D)Jharkhand–Meghalaya–Sikkim–Tamil Nadu
Answer: (B) Tamil Nadu–Sikkim–Jharkhand–Meghalaya
Explanation: Toda communities live in the Nilgiris of Tamil Nadu; Lepcha are strongly associated with Sikkim; Birhor are found in Jharkhand; and Garo communities with Meghalaya. This is a straightforward state–tribe matching question from the UPPSC examination.
8. Match the communities Birhor, Bhutia, Toda and Sentinelese with their principal regions. Choose the correct order.
[UPPSC PCS Preliminary Examination, 2014]
(A)Jharkhand–Sikkim–Tamil Nadu–Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(B)Tamil Nadu–Jharkhand–Andaman and Nicobar Islands–Sikkim
(C)Sikkim–Tamil Nadu–Jharkhand–Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(D)Jharkhand–Andaman and Nicobar Islands–Sikkim–Tamil Nadu
Answer: (A) Jharkhand–Sikkim–Tamil Nadu–Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Explanation: Birhor are associated with Jharkhand; Bhutia with Sikkim; Toda with the Nilgiris of Tamil Nadu; and Sentinelese with North Sentinel Island in the Andamans. The Sentinelese are an uncontacted indigenous community whose protection requires strict avoidance of outside contact.
7. Consider these tribe–state pairs:
1. Limboo–Sikkim;
2. Karbi–Himachal Pradesh;
3. Dongria Kondh–Odisha;
4. Bonda–Tamil Nadu.
Which pairs are correctly matched?
[UPSC CSE Preliminary Examination, 2013]
(A)1 and 3 only
(B)2 and 4 only
(C)1, 3 and 4 only
(D)1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: (A) 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Limboo communities are associated with Sikkim, and Dongria Kondh with the Niyamgiri hills of Odisha. Karbi are primarily found in Assam rather than Himachal Pradesh, and Bonda communities inhabit Odisha rather than Tamil Nadu.
6. Among the following, who are the Agaria community?
[UPSC CSE Preliminary Examination, 2009]
(A)Traditional toddy tappers of Andhra Pradesh
(B)Traditional fishers of Maharashtra
(C)Traditional silk weavers of Karnataka
(D)Traditional salt-pan workers of Gujarat
Answer: (D) Traditional salt-pan workers of Gujarat
Explanation: In the context of this UPSC question, Agaria refers to salt producers working in the Little Rann of Kutch in Gujarat. The term also resembles the name of distinct central Indian communities associated with traditional iron smelting, so geography matters.
5. In which Union Territory do members of the Onge community live?
[UPSC CSE Preliminary Examination, 2004]
(A)Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(B)Dadra and Nagar Haveli
(C)Daman and Diu
(D)Lakshadweep
Answer: (A) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Explanation: The Onge traditionally inhabit Little Andaman Island. Their small community is one of the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are distinct from the Sentinelese and Jarawa, who inhabit other parts of the archipelago.
4. Who first popularised the use of the word “Adivasi” to refer to tribal people, according to this PYQ?
[UPSC CSE Preliminary Examination, 1995]
(A)Mahatma Gandhi
(B)Thakkar Bappa
(C)Jyotiba Phule
(D)B. R. Ambedkar
Answer: (B) Thakkar Bappa
Explanation: The answer traditionally accepted for this UPSC Prelims item is Thakkar Bappa, a social worker associated with tribal welfare. Adivasi means original inhabitant. Modern scholarship distinguishes the political and historical use of this term from the constitutional designation Scheduled Tribe.
3. The Santhal community is predominantly associated with which region of India?
[RPSC RAS/RTS Preliminary Examination, 1995]
(A)Central India
(B)Southern India
(C)Western India
(D)Eastern India
Answer: (D) Eastern India
Explanation: Santhal communities have long been concentrated in eastern India, including present-day Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Their history includes the Santhal rebellion of 1855–56. These regional associations do not mean that Santhal people live exclusively within those states.
2. The Toda community is primarily associated with which geographical region?
[UPPSC PCS Preliminary Examination, 1993]
(A)Aravalli Hills
(B)Madhya Pradesh
(C)Nilgiri Hills
(D)Vindhyachal Hills
Answer: (C) Nilgiri Hills
Explanation: The Toda are an indigenous pastoral community of the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu. Their buffalo-centred traditional culture, distinctive embroidery and architecture are commonly studied in Indian ethnography. The Nilgiris belong to the Western Ghats rather than the Aravallis.
1. According to the classification approach used in this 1992 paper, what is the main basis for identifying tribes in India?
[UPPSC PCS Preliminary Examination, 1992]
(A)Cultural distinctiveness and separate habitation
(B)Language and dialect alone
(C)Differences in social customs alone
(D)Economic status alone
Answer: (A) Cultural distinctiveness and separate habitation
Explanation: The historical answer key emphasised cultural distinctiveness and geographic habitation. This reflects older administrative and anthropological criteria, not an exhaustive modern definition. Today, Scheduled Tribe recognition is legally governed through constitutional provisions and state- or Union-Territory-specific notified lists.Tribes in India · 100 exam-attributed previous-year questions · chronological order: most recent to oldest