Q200. Which of the following king–dynasty pairs of early historical Tamilakam is/are incorrectly matched?
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2026]
- Senguttuvan — Chera
- Udiyanjeral — Chola
- Nedunjeliyan — Pandya
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 only
C. 1 and 3
D. 3 only
Answer: B. 2 only
Explanation: Udiyanjeral was a Chera ruler, not a Chola. Senguttuvan belonged to the Cheras and Nedunjeliyan to the Pandyas; therefore, only pair 2 is incorrect.
Q199. Who built the grand Chola temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram?
[SSC CGL 2025 Tier-II — Held 19 January 2026]
A. Rajaraja Chola I
B. Rajendra Chola I
C. Kulottunga Chola I
D. Parantaka Chola I
Answer: B. Rajendra Chola I
Explanation: Rajendra Chola I founded Gangaikonda Cholapuram after his northern victories and constructed its monumental Shiva temple, reflecting the mature Dravidian architectural tradition of the imperial Cholas.
Q198. Which of the following South Indian temples forms part of a UNESCO World Heritage property associated with the Cholas?
[SSC MTS 2025 — Held 18 February 2026, Shift 3]
A. Kailasanatha Temple, Kanchi
B. Gangaikondacholapuram Temple
C. Shore Temple
D. Virupaksha Temple
Answer: B. Gangaikondacholapuram Temple
Explanation: The temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram is included in UNESCO’s Great Living Chola Temples, together with Brihadisvara at Thanjavur and Airavatesvara at Darasuram.
Q197. Which Chalukya ruler assumed the title “Dakshinapatheshvara”?
[SSC MTS 2025 — Held 9 February 2026, Shift 1]
A. Pulakesin I
B. Pulakesin II
C. Vikramaditya I
D. Kirtivarman II
Answer: B. Pulakesin II
Explanation: Pulakesin II became the most celebrated Badami Chalukya ruler. His victories across the Deccan, including stopping Harsha’s advance, enhanced his reputation as lord of the Deccan.
Q196. Vanji or Karur is traditionally associated as the capital of which Sangam dynasty?
[SSC MTS 2025 — Held 5 February 2026, Shift 2]
A. Chola
B. Pandya
C. Chera
D. Pallava
Answer: C. Chera
Explanation: Vanji, commonly identified with Karur, was an important Chera political centre. The Cheras controlled much of present Kerala and western Tamil Nadu during the Sangam period.
Q195. Who is the author of the book The Chola Tigers: Avengers of Somnath?
[RRB Group D — 2 February 2026, Shift 2]
A. Amish Tripathi
B. Anirudh Kanisetti
C. William Dalrymple
D. Manu S. Pillai
Answer: A. Amish Tripathi
Explanation: Amish Tripathi authored The Chola Tigers: Avengers of Somnath. The title draws inspiration from the military and maritime prominence associated with the imperial Cholas.
Q194. The bulk of Sangam literature was composed in which language?
[RRB NTPC Graduate — 16 March 2026, Shift 1]
A. Sanskrit
B. Prakrit
C. Tamil
D. Telugu
Answer: C. Tamil
Explanation: Sangam literature represents the earliest major corpus of classical Tamil writing and provides valuable information about society, politics, warfare, trade and culture of ancient Tamilakam.
Q193. What was the principal capital of the Pallava dynasty?
[RRB NTPC Graduate — 24 March 2026, Shift 1]
A. Madurai
B. Kanchipuram
C. Thanjavur
D. Vatapi
Answer: B. Kanchipuram
Explanation: Kanchipuram was the principal Pallava capital and became an important political, religious and educational centre. Several major Pallava monuments were constructed in and around the city.
Q192. Before establishing Chola power in the Kaveri delta, Vijayalaya is generally described as a feudatory of the:
[RRB NTPC Graduate — 24 March 2026, Shift 2]
A. Pallavas
B. Pandyas
C. Cheras
D. Palas
Answer: A. Pallavas
Explanation: Vijayalaya emerged during the weakening of Pallava-Pandya power. He captured Thanjavur in the ninth century and laid the foundations of the later imperial Chola kingdom.
Q191. Tax-free settlements granted mainly to Brahmins were generally known as:
[RRB NTPC Graduate — 16 March 2026, Shift 2]
A. Nagaram
B. Agraharam
C. Vellanvagai
D. Ur
Answer: B. Agraharam
Explanation: Agraharas were land grants or settlements assigned particularly to Brahmins, often enjoying fiscal privileges and becoming important centres of Sanskrit learning and religious activity.
Q190. Which Chalukya king successfully checked Harshavardhana’s southward advance near the Narmada?
[RRB NTPC Graduate — 18 March 2026, Shift 1]
A. Pulakesin I
B. Pulakesin II
C. Vikramaditya II
D. Tailapa II
Answer: B. Pulakesin II
Explanation: Pulakesin II defeated or checked Harsha near the Narmada, effectively preventing the northern emperor from extending his authority into the Deccan.
Q189. Which Tamil epic centres on Kannagi, celebrated as an ideal of chastity?
[RRB NTPC Graduate — 22 March 2026, Shift 2]
A. Manimekalai
B. Silappatikaram
C. Tolkappiyam
D. Tirukkural
Answer: B. Silappatikaram
Explanation: Silappatikaram, attributed to Ilango Adigal, narrates the tragedy of Kovalan and Kannagi and provides important cultural information about the Chera, Chola and Pandya regions.
Q188. Which Chola ruler assumed the title “Gangaikonda” after his northern campaign?
[RRB NTPC UG — 7 May 2026, Shift 2]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Rajendra I
C. Vijayalaya
D. Parantaka I
Answer: B. Rajendra I
Explanation: Rajendra Chola I’s armies reached the Ganga region. He commemorated the victory by adopting the title Gangaikonda Chola and establishing Gangaikonda Cholapuram.
Q187. Who established Gangaikonda Cholapuram as a new Chola capital?
[RRB NTPC UG — 8 May 2026, Shift 1]
A. Vijayalaya
B. Rajaraja I
C. Rajendra I
D. Kulottunga II
Answer: C. Rajendra I
Explanation: Rajendra I founded Gangaikonda Cholapuram to commemorate his northern conquests. It replaced Thanjavur as a major imperial centre of the Chola Empire.
Q186. In Sangam literature, “Uzhavar” referred to:
[RRB NTPC UG — 16 June 2026, Shift 1]
A. Large landowners
B. Ploughmen
C. Priests
D. Merchants
Answer: B. Ploughmen
Explanation: Uzhavar were cultivators or ploughmen in ancient Tamil society. Sangam sources distinguish them from wealthy Vellalar landowners and lower agricultural labouring groups.
Q185. Which group of archaeological sites has contributed evidence useful for understanding Sangam-age Tamil society?
[RRB NTPC UG — 15 June 2026, Shift 1]
A. Adichanallur, Korkai and Alagankulam
B. Taxila, Harappa and Kalibangan
C. Sarnath, Kushinagar and Vaishali
D. Hastinapur, Ahichchhatra and Atranjikhera
Answer: A. Adichanallur, Korkai and Alagankulam
Explanation: Adichanallur, Korkai and Alagankulam have yielded archaeological evidence connected with ancient Tamil society, maritime trade, settlement patterns and material culture described in early Tamil sources.
Q184. Which Chola ruler developed a powerful navy and expanded Chola influence toward Sri Lanka and the islands of the Indian Ocean?
[RRB NTPC UG — 15 June 2026, Shift 3]
A. Vijayalaya
B. Rajaraja I
C. Aditya I
D. Gandaraditya
Answer: B. Rajaraja I
Explanation: Rajaraja I transformed the Cholas into a major imperial and maritime power, conquering northern Sri Lanka and strengthening Chola influence across important Indian Ocean sea routes.
Q183. The famous Pallava monuments at Mahabalipuram were principally carved from:
[RRB NTPC UG — 18 June 2026, Shift 2]
A. Marble
B. Granite
C. Sandstone
D. Limestone
Answer: B. Granite
Explanation: Mahabalipuram’s monolithic rathas and rock-cut monuments were carved largely from local granite, displaying the technical skill and architectural experimentation of Pallava craftsmen.
Q182. The Kailasanatha Temple at Kanchipuram was constructed primarily using:
[RRB NTPC Graduate — 17 March 2026, Shift 2]
A. Granite
B. Sandstone
C. Marble
D. Basalt
Answer: B. Sandstone
Explanation: The Pallava Kailasanatha Temple at Kanchipuram was constructed mainly of sandstone and represents an important transition from rock-cut architecture to structural Dravidian temples.
Q181. Which of the following is NOT considered a prime example of the Dravidian temple style?
[RRB NTPC UG — 7 May 2026, Shift 2]
A. Brihadisvara Temple
B. Shore Temple
C. Gangaikondacholapuram Temple
D. Siddhesvara Mahadeva Temple
Answer: D. Siddhesvara Mahadeva Temple
Explanation: Brihadisvara, Gangaikondacholapuram and major Pallava monuments belong to the southern Dravidian tradition, whereas Siddhesvara Mahadeva represents a different regional architectural tradition.
Q180. What was a characteristic feature of military-administrative organization under several Deccan dynasties such as the Chalukyas?
[RRB NTPC Graduate — 27 March 2026, Shift 1]
A. Complete abolition of feudatories
B. Feudatory chiefs received administrative and military responsibilities
C. Only priests commanded armies
D. Provinces had no governors
Answer: B. Feudatory chiefs received administrative and military responsibilities
Explanation: Chalukya political organization relied considerably on subordinate chiefs and feudatories who governed territories, maintained military contingents and acknowledged the overlordship of the ruling monarch.
Q179. Who defeated Harsha and is associated with the title Dakshinapatheshvara?
[RRB NTPC UG — 20 June 2026, Shift 2]
A. Narasimhavarman I
B. Pulakesin II
C. Rajendra I
D. Dantidurga
Answer: B. Pulakesin II
Explanation: Pulakesin II’s success against Harsha established Chalukya prestige in the Deccan. His achievements are celebrated in Ravikirti’s famous Aihole inscription.
Q178. The popularity of Tamil Bhakti hymns during Chola times was especially aided by support from:
[RRB NTPC UG — 9 May 2026, Shift 3]
A. Vellala peasants and rulers
B. Greek merchants alone
C. Central Asian nomads
D. Buddhist monks alone
Answer: A. Vellala peasants and rulers
Explanation: Tamil Shaiva and Vaishnava Bhakti traditions gained broad social and political support, including from landed Vellala groups and rulers who patronized temples and devotional institutions.
Q177. Who composed the Tirukkural?
[RRB NTPC UG — 14 June 2026, Shift 1]
A. Ilango Adigal
B. Sattanar
C. Thiruvalluvar
D. Kamban
Answer: C. Thiruvalluvar
Explanation: Thiruvalluvar authored the Tirukkural, a classical Tamil ethical text consisting of concise couplets dealing broadly with virtue, wealth, social conduct and love.
Q176. Consider the following Chola land categories:
- Shalabhoga — land assigned for maintaining a school.
- Devadana/Tirunamattukkani — land granted to temples.
Which statement(s) is/are correct?
[SSC GD Constable — 9 May 2026, Shift 2]
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: C. Both 1 and 2
Explanation: Chola inscriptions mention specialized land categories. Shalabhoga supported educational institutions, while Devadana or Tirunamattukkani referred to land endowed to temples.
Q175. Which three ruling houses are most prominently associated with Sangam-age Tamilakam?
[SSC GD Constable — 5 May 2026, Shift 2]
A. Chola, Chera and Pandya
B. Chola, Pala and Sena
C. Chera, Maurya and Gupta
D. Pallava, Pratihara and Pala
Answer: A. Chola, Chera and Pandya
Explanation: Sangam literature prominently describes the three crowned kings, or Muvendar—the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas—who dominated the political landscape of ancient Tamilakam.
Q174. According to Tamil tradition, the three Sangams were patronized mainly by which dynasty?
[SSC GD Constable — 5 May 2026, Shift 1]
A. Cholas
B. Pandyas
C. Pallavas
D. Chalukyas
Answer: B. Pandyas
Explanation: Tamil literary tradition associates the successive Sangam academies with Pandya patronage, particularly at Madurai, an important political and cultural centre of the Pandyas.
Q173. What was the principal capital of the ancient Pandya kingdom?
[SSC GD Constable — 8 May 2026, Shift 3]
A. Uraiyur
B. Madurai
C. Kanchi
D. Vatapi
Answer: B. Madurai
Explanation: Madurai served as the celebrated capital of the Pandyas and became an important centre of Tamil literary tradition, religion and commerce during the Sangam period.
Q172. Which ruler defeated Harshavardhana near the Narmada River?
[SSC GD Constable — 18 May 2026, Shift 1]
A. Pulakesin II
B. Narasimhavarman I
C. Rajaraja I
D. Krishna I
Answer: A. Pulakesin II
Explanation: Pulakesin II checked Harsha’s attempt to expand southward beyond the Narmada, establishing the river as an important political frontier between northern and Deccan powers.
Q171. The towering vimana of the Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur is a classic feature of which architectural style?
[DSSSB MTS — 26 April 2026, Shift 3]
A. Nagara
B. Dravidian
C. Indo-Islamic
D. Gandhara
Answer: B. Dravidian
Explanation: Brihadisvara represents the mature Dravidian style, characterized by a monumental pyramidal vimana, axial planning, enclosed temple complex and extensive sculptural decoration.
Q170. Who composed the Tamil Buddhist epic Manimekalai?
[DSSSB MTS — 29 April 2026, Shift 3]
A. Ilango Adigal
B. Chithalai Chathanar
C. Thiruvalluvar
D. Appar
Answer: B. Chithalai Chathanar
Explanation: Manimekalai is attributed to the Buddhist poet Chithalai Chathanar. It continues characters and themes associated with Silappatikaram while strongly reflecting Buddhist philosophical ideas.
Q169. Development of the Vesara style of temple architecture is particularly associated with which dynasty?
[DSSSB MTS — 22 April 2026, Shift 2]
A. Chalukyas
B. Mauryas
C. Sungas
D. Kushanas
Answer: A. Chalukyas
Explanation: The Deccan Chalukyas encouraged architectural experimentation combining northern and southern elements. Their monuments at Badami, Aihole and Pattadakal are central to discussions of Vesara architecture.
Q168. The Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur was commissioned under which ruler?
[DSSSB Assistant Superintendent — 12 July 2026, Shift 3]
A. Rajendra I
B. Rajaraja I
C. Vijayalaya
D. Kulottunga I
Answer: B. Rajaraja I
Explanation: Rajaraja I commissioned the great Brihadisvara Temple, completed around the beginning of the eleventh century. It became a monumental symbol of Chola imperial authority.
Q167. The monolithic Rathas at Mahabalipuram are principally associated with the reign of:
[MP Police SI — 20 January 2026, Shift 2]
A. Mahendravarman II
B. Narasimhavarman I
C. Nandivarman II
D. Aparajita
Answer: B. Narasimhavarman I
Explanation: Narasimhavarman I, known as Mamalla, patronized major architectural activity at Mahabalipuram. The site was consequently also known as Mamallapuram.
Q166. Which administrative feature is especially associated with the Chola period?
[UP Police SI — 15 March 2026, Shift 2]
A. Complete absence of villages
B. Developed local self-government
C. Rule exclusively through nomadic chiefs
D. Abolition of land revenue
Answer: B. Developed local self-government
Explanation: Chola inscriptions, particularly those from Uttaramerur, reveal elaborate village assemblies, committees, qualifications for membership and mechanisms for managing local affairs.
Q165. Rajaraja I’s campaigns in Sri Lanka and coastal areas are best understood as evidence of:
[UP PGT History — 9 May 2026]
A. Isolation from overseas trade
B. A maritime-oriented imperial strategy
C. Rejection of naval warfare
D. Withdrawal from peninsular politics
Answer: B. A maritime-oriented imperial strategy
Explanation: Rajaraja I strengthened naval capabilities and secured strategic coastal territories, enabling the Cholas to influence Indian Ocean commerce and expand power beyond mainland India.
Q164. Rajendra I’s expedition toward the Ganga primarily demonstrated:
[UP PGT History — 9 May 2026]
A. Abandonment of imperial ambitions
B. Assertion of imperial prestige through conquest and symbolism
C. Collapse of the Chola army
D. Submission to the Palas
Answer: B. Assertion of imperial prestige through conquest and symbolism
Explanation: Rajendra’s northern campaign projected Chola power far beyond its core territory. Bringing Ganga water south and founding Gangaikonda Cholapuram gave the victory powerful ritual symbolism.
Q163. What principle of local administration is reflected in the Uttaramerur inscriptions?
[UP PGT History — 9 May 2026]
A. Hereditary membership without qualifications
B. Committees called Variyams with qualifications and rotation
C. Direct rule by foreign merchants
D. No village-level institutions
Answer: B. Committees called Variyams with qualifications and rotation
Explanation: Uttaramerur inscriptions detail committee selection, eligibility, disqualification and rotation, demonstrating the sophisticated functioning of local assemblies in Chola-period Brahmadeya settlements.
Q162. Match the following rulers correctly:
A. Mayurasarman
B. Senguttuvan
C. Karikala
D. Hastivarman
- Chera
- Kadamba
- Chola
- Vengi
[UGC NET History — 5 January 2026, Shift 2]
A. A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
B. A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
C. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
D. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
Answer: A. A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
Explanation: Mayurasarman founded the Kadamba line; Senguttuvan was a Chera ruler; Karikala was a renowned Chola; and Hastivarman is associated with the Vengi region.
Q161. Which early Tamil work is principally concerned with grammar and poetics?
[OSSSC Forester/Forest Guard — 16 April 2026, Shift 2]
A. Tolkappiyam
B. Silappatikaram
C. Manimekalai
D. Periyapuranam
Answer: A. Tolkappiyam
Explanation: Tolkappiyam is the earliest surviving Tamil grammatical work and discusses grammar, poetic conventions, linguistic principles and aspects of ancient Tamil society.
Q160. Which Pallava ruler bore titles such as Mattavilasa, Vichitrachitta and Gunabhara?
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2025]
A. Narasimhavarman I
B. Mahendravarman I
C. Nandivarman II
D. Simhavishnu
Answer: B. Mahendravarman I
Explanation: Mahendravarman I was an accomplished Pallava ruler, patron of art and literature, and author of Mattavilasa Prahasana. His inscriptions record several distinctive royal epithets.
Q159. Match the ruler with the dynasty:
- Mahendravarman I — Pallava
- Kadungon — Pandya
- Amoghavarsha I — Rashtrakuta
- Rajaraja I — Chola
How many are correctly matched?
[UPPSC PCS Prelims 2025]
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
Answer: D. Four
Explanation: All four pairs are correct. They represent prominent rulers of four major dynasties that shaped the political and cultural history of early medieval South India and the Deccan.
Q158. In Chola inscriptions, land assigned for the maintenance of a school was called:
[UPSC NDA II 2025]
A. Devadana
B. Shalabhoga
C. Brahmadeya
D. Vellanvagai
Answer: B. Shalabhoga
Explanation: Shalabhoga denoted land whose revenue supported educational institutions. Chola inscriptions similarly identify specialized land grants to temples, Brahmins and Jain establishments.
Q157. The work or artistic tradition known as Dakshinachitra is associated in examination literature with the reign of which Pallava ruler?
[SSC CPO 2025 — 11 December]
A. Mahendravarman I
B. Narasimhavarman II
C. Nandivarman III
D. Dantivarman
Answer: A. Mahendravarman I
Explanation: Mahendravarman I is remembered not only as a ruler but also as a major patron and practitioner of literature, painting, music and early Pallava rock-cut architecture.
Q156. Which Pallava ruler is associated with the famous Rathas at Mahabalipuram?
[SSC CHSL 2025 — 21 November, Shift 1]
A. Pulakesin I
B. Rajendra I
C. Narasimhavarman I
D. Karikala
Answer: C. Narasimhavarman I
Explanation: Narasimhavarman I, known as Mamalla, sponsored monumental activity at Mahabalipuram. The monolithic Rathas are among the finest examples of Pallava experimentation in stone architecture.
Q155. Who is commonly regarded as one of the most powerful rulers of the imperial Chola dynasty?
[SSC CHSL 2025 — 21 November, Shift 1]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Gandaraditya
C. Uttama Chola
D. Arinjaya
Answer: A. Rajaraja I
Explanation: Rajaraja I greatly expanded Chola territory, strengthened administration and naval power, and commissioned the Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur.
Q154. In the context of ancient South India, the word “Sangam” refers to:
[SSC CHSL 2025 — 26 November, Shift 1]
A. A military tax
B. An assembly of Tamil poets and scholars
C. A Chola naval base
D. A temple tax
Answer: B. An assembly of Tamil poets and scholars
Explanation: Sangam literally denotes an assembly or association. Tamil tradition remembers assemblies of poets and scholars under Pandya patronage, producing the celebrated Sangam literary corpus.
Q153. The earliest surviving Sangam compositions are broadly associated with a period beginning approximately how many years ago?
[SSC CHSL 2025 — 17 November, Shift 3]
A. 1,000 years
B. 1,500 years
C. 2,300 years
D. 5,000 years
Answer: C. 2,300 years
Explanation: Early Sangam compositions are generally associated with the last centuries BCE and early centuries CE, making their literary tradition approximately two millennia old.
Q152. Who is regarded as the founder of the Badami Chalukya dynasty?
[RRB NTPC Graduate 2025 — 9 June, Shift 2]
A. Pulakesin I
B. Pulakesin II
C. Vikramaditya I
D. Kirtivarman II
Answer: A. Pulakesin I
Explanation: Pulakesin I established Chalukya authority at Vatapi, modern Badami. His successors expanded the kingdom, with Pulakesin II becoming its most celebrated emperor.
Q151. Who wrote Lords of Earth and Sea: A History of the Chola Empire?
[RRB Group D 2025 — 19 December, Shift 1]
A. Anirudh Kanisetti
B. Romila Thapar
C. Manu S. Pillai
D. Upinder Singh
Answer: A. Anirudh Kanisetti
Explanation: Historian and writer Anirudh Kanisetti authored the work, which examines the rise, warfare, politics and maritime ambitions of the imperial Cholas.
Q150. Consider the following statements about Chola-period metal images:
- They are celebrated for high aesthetic and technical quality.
- Their iconography broadly corresponds with contemporary stone images.
Which statement(s) is/are correct?
[UPSC CDS II 2024]
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: C. Both 1 and 2
Explanation: Chola bronzes combined sophisticated casting techniques with refined iconography. Many bronze forms closely followed the iconographic conventions also visible in contemporary temple sculpture.
Q149. Sangam poets predominantly composed their works in:
[SSC MTS 2024 — 5 November, Shift 1]
A. Tamil
B. Sanskrit
C. Kannada
D. Pali
Answer: A. Tamil
Explanation: Sangam literature represents one of the earliest and richest bodies of Tamil literature and is a major source for reconstructing early South Indian history.
Q148. Consider the statements:
- Thanjavur was a Chola capital.
- Vikrama Chola had links to both Chola and Eastern Chalukya lineage.
- Rajendra I bore the title Gangaikonda Chola.
Which are correct?
[SSC MTS 2024 — 13 November, Shift 2]
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: Thanjavur was an imperial Chola centre, later Cholas had Eastern Chalukya dynastic connections, and Rajendra I adopted the celebrated title Gangaikonda Chola.
Q147. Mattavilasa Prahasana was written by a ruler of which dynasty?
[SSC CGL 2024 — 17 September, Shift 3]
A. Chola
B. Pallava
C. Pandya
D. Chera
Answer: B. Pallava
Explanation: The Sanskrit farce Mattavilasa Prahasana is attributed to Mahendravarman I, the Pallava ruler known for literary talent and patronage of early rock-cut architecture.
Q146. Mahendravarman I belonged to which dynasty?
[SSC CGL 2024 — 9 September, Shift 1]
A. Chalukya
B. Chola
C. Pallava
D. Pandya
Answer: C. Pallava
Explanation: Mahendravarman I was an important seventh-century Pallava ruler of Kanchipuram who fought Pulakesin II and encouraged literature, music and rock-cut temple architecture.
Q145. Ravikirti, composer of the famous Aihole inscription, was the court poet of:
[SSC MTS 2024 — 18 October, Shift 2]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Pulakesin II
C. Narasimhavarman I
D. Harsha
Answer: B. Pulakesin II
Explanation: Ravikirti composed the Aihole inscription praising Pulakesin II’s victories. It is a major historical source for the political career of the Badami Chalukya king.
Q144. Consider the statements:
- Vijayalaya founded the line known as the imperial Cholas.
- Gurjara-Pratiharas were an important northern Indian dynasty.
- Palas ruled western India.
Which are correct?
[SSC MTS 2024 — 12 November, Shift 1]
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1 and 3 only
Answer: B. 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Vijayalaya founded imperial Chola power and Gurjara-Pratiharas dominated parts of northern India. The Palas, however, ruled primarily Bengal and Bihar in eastern India.
Q143. Which inscription gives detailed information about the organization of Chola village assemblies?
[SSC CHSL 2024 — 8 July, Shift 3]
A. Junagadh inscription
B. Uttaramerur inscription
C. Hathigumpha inscription
D. Nasik inscription
Answer: B. Uttaramerur inscription
Explanation: Uttaramerur inscriptions describe qualifications, disqualifications, committee selection and administrative responsibilities within village assemblies, making them crucial evidence for Chola local government.
Q142. Who constructed the Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur?
[SSC CHSL 2024 — 4 July, Shift 2]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Rajendra I
C. Narasimhavarman I
D. Pulakesin II
Answer: A. Rajaraja I
Explanation: Rajaraja Chola I built the monumental Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur, one of the supreme achievements of Chola architecture and imperial temple patronage.
Q141. The Brihadisvara Temple is situated at:
[SSC CHSL 2024 — 5 July, Shift 1]
A. Madurai
B. Thanjavur
C. Kanchipuram
D. Badami
Answer: B. Thanjavur
Explanation: The great Brihadisvara Temple dominates the historic city of Thanjavur, an important capital and cultural centre of the imperial Cholas.
Q140. Which Chola emperor defeated Pandya ruler Maravarman Rajasimha II in the Battle of Vellore?
[SSC CHSL 2024 — 5 July, Shift 4]
A. Parantaka I
B. Rajendra I
C. Vijayalaya
D. Rajaraja II
Answer: A. Parantaka I
Explanation: Parantaka I extended Chola authority into Pandya territory and defeated Maravarman Rajasimha II, strengthening Chola influence in southern Tamil country.
Q139. What was the capital of the Pallavas?
[WBCS 2023 Mains — Held 18 August 2024]
A. Kanchipuram
B. Madurai
C. Thanjavur
D. Vengi
Answer: A. Kanchipuram
Explanation: Kanchipuram was the Pallava political and cultural centre and became celebrated for temples, education and religious traditions under successive Pallava rulers.
Q138. The Kailasanatha Temple at Kanchipuram was constructed by rulers of which dynasty?
[WBCS 2023 Mains — Held 18 August 2024]
A. Pallava
B. Chola
C. Pandya
D. Chera
Answer: A. Pallava
Explanation: The Kailasanatha Temple is a major structural Pallava monument, especially associated with Narasimhavarman II Rajasimha and the evolution of mature Dravidian architecture.
Q137. Administrative divisions called “Mandalam” and “Nadu” are especially associated with which dynasty?
[WBCS 2023 Mains — Held 18 August 2024]
A. Chola
B. Maurya
C. Kushana
D. Sunga
Answer: A. Chola
Explanation: The Chola Empire was organized into large territorial units called Mandalams, subdivided into Valanadus and Nadus, with active village-level administrative institutions.
Q136. Which animal served as the dynastic emblem of the Cholas?
[SSC CGL 2024 — 17 September, Shift 2]
A. Fish
B. Tiger
C. Bow
D. Elephant
Answer: B. Tiger
Explanation: The tiger was the Chola emblem. The Pandya emblem was the fish, while the Cheras were traditionally associated with the bow and arrow.
Q135. In early Tamil society, ordinary ploughmen were called:
[SSC GD Constable 2024 — 21 February, Shift 3]
A. Vellalar
B. Uzhavar
C. Adimai
D. Vanigar
Answer: B. Uzhavar
Explanation: Uzhavar were cultivators or ploughmen. Vellalar generally represented substantial landholders, while other Sangam terms described labourers, slaves, merchants and occupational groups.
Q134. Which was a principal capital associated with the Chera dynasty?
[BPSC CCE Prelims 2024]
A. Karur/Vanchi
B. Kanchipuram
C. Madurai
D. Thanjavur
Answer: A. Karur/Vanchi
Explanation: Vanchi, often identified with Karur, was associated with Chera political power. The dynasty controlled important western trade routes and ports connected with overseas commerce.
Q133. In Silappatikaram, which Chera ruler is prominently associated with the story and the cult of Kannagi?
[SSC CGL 2024 — 20 September, Shift 3]
A. Senguttuvan
B. Karikala
C. Nedunjeliyan
D. Vijayalaya
Answer: A. Senguttuvan
Explanation: Cheran Senguttuvan is celebrated in Silappatikaram and later tradition for honouring Kannagi and establishing the Pattini cult.
Q132. Consider the following statements about the Chola Nataraja bronze:
- Shiva balances on his right leg, representing tirobhava.
- His raised left leg symbolizes liberation from illusion.
- His main right hand holds the damaru.
Which are correct?
[UPSC CDS II 2023]
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: The Chola Nataraja image symbolically represents Shiva’s cosmic functions through posture, gestures, the damaru, flames, raised foot and the suppression of ignorance.
Q131. Which dynasties are principally associated with the political world described in Sangam literature?
[SSC MTS 2022 — Held 15 June 2023, Shift 3]
A. Chola, Chera and Pandya
B. Pala, Sena and Chola
C. Gupta, Chera and Pandya
D. Pallava, Chalukya and Pala
Answer: A. Chola, Chera and Pandya
Explanation: Sangam works prominently describe the Muvendar—the three crowned Tamil kings belonging to the Chola, Chera and Pandya houses.
Q130. The Sangam expression “Muvendar” refers to:
[SSC MTS 2022 — Held 13 June 2023, Shift 1]
A. Three poets
B. Three crowned chiefs or kings
C. Three merchant guilds
D. Three temple committees
Answer: B. Three crowned chiefs or kings
Explanation: Muvendar means the three crowned rulers of Tamilakam—the Chera, Chola and Pandya kings who dominate political descriptions in Sangam literature.
Q129. The Pandya capital associated with the Sangam tradition was:
[SSC MTS 2022 — Held 9 May 2023, Shift 2]
A. Madurai
B. Kanchi
C. Vanji
D. Uraiyur
Answer: A. Madurai
Explanation: Madurai was the principal Pandya capital and is traditionally associated with the celebrated Tamil Sangam assemblies and a flourishing literary culture.
Q128. Who constructed the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram?
[SSC MTS 2023 — 14 June, Shift 2]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Rajaraja II
C. Rajendra I
D. Kulottunga I
Answer: B. Rajaraja II
Explanation: Rajaraja II commissioned the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram. It is one of UNESCO’s Great Living Chola Temples and displays highly refined Chola craftsmanship.
Q127. Who founded the imperial Chola dynasty in the ninth century CE?
[SSC CHSL 2023 — 3 August, Shift 2]
A. Vijayalaya
B. Rajaraja I
C. Rajendra I
D. Karikala
Answer: A. Vijayalaya
Explanation: Vijayalaya captured Thanjavur around the mid-ninth century and established the dynasty that later developed into the powerful imperial Chola state.
Q126. “Sabha” and “Ur” were forms of village assemblies associated with which dynasty?
[SSC CGL 2023 — 20 July, Shift 1]
A. Chola
B. Maurya
C. Gupta
D. Kushana
Answer: A. Chola
Explanation: Ur generally represented ordinary villages, while Sabha or Mahasabha was especially associated with Brahmadeya settlements dominated by Brahmin landholders.
Q125. In Chola administration, the assembly of villages inhabited predominantly by Brahmins was called:
[SSC CGL 2023 — 14 July, Shift 1]
A. Ur
B. Sabha
C. Nagaram
D. Nadu
Answer: B. Sabha
Explanation: Sabha or Mahasabha administered Brahmadeya villages. Ur represented ordinary settlements, whereas Nagaram was closely connected with merchants and urban-commercial groups.
Q124. Rajarajeshwara Temple at Thanjavur was constructed by rulers of which dynasty?
[SSC CHSL 2023 — 2 August, Shift 2]
A. Chola
B. Pallava
C. Pandya
D. Chalukya
Answer: A. Chola
Explanation: Rajarajeshwara, better known as Brihadisvara, was commissioned by Rajaraja Chola I and became an outstanding monument of Chola royal temple architecture.
Q123. Which Chola ruler’s army marched north to the Ganga during the eleventh century?
[SSC CHSL 2023 — 4 August, Shift 4]
A. Vijayalaya
B. Rajendra I
C. Aditya I
D. Uttama Chola
Answer: B. Rajendra I
Explanation: Rajendra I conducted a celebrated northern expedition reaching the Ganga region and commemorated it through his title Gangaikonda and new imperial capital.
Q122. Which dynasty launched an expedition toward Southeast Asia partly in connection with control of maritime trade routes to China?
[SSC CHSL 2023 — 7 August, Shift 2]
A. Chola
B. Pala
C. Gupta
D. Sunga
Answer: A. Chola
Explanation: Rajendra Chola I attacked Srivijayan territories in Southeast Asia, demonstrating the reach of Chola naval power and its concern with important maritime commercial networks.
Q121. Who built the Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur?
[SSC MTS 2023 — 14 September, Shift 2]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Rajendra II
C. Vijayalaya
D. Parantaka II
Answer: A. Rajaraja I
Explanation: Rajaraja I commissioned Brihadisvara as a royal temple and institutional centre, demonstrating the wealth, religious patronage and architectural capacity of the Chola Empire.
Q120. The Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur was built by:
[SSC MTS 2023 — 19 June, Shift 3]
A. Rajaraja Chola I
B. Rajendra Chola II
C. Narasimhavarman I
D. Pulakesin II
Answer: A. Rajaraja Chola I
Explanation: Completed during Rajaraja I’s reign, Brihadisvara is distinguished by its huge vimana, monumental inscriptions and close association with Chola imperial ideology.
Q119. Brihadisvara Temple is located in which present-day state?
[SSC MTS 2023 — 1 September, Shift 2]
A. Karnataka
B. Tamil Nadu
C. Kerala
D. Andhra Pradesh
Answer: B. Tamil Nadu
Explanation: Brihadisvara stands at Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu and remains one of the finest surviving monuments of imperial Chola architecture.
Q118. Land granted to Brahmins during the Chola period was called:
[SSC MTS 2023 — 10 May, Shift 2]
A. Brahmadeya
B. Devadana
C. Shalabhoga
D. Pallichchandam
Answer: A. Brahmadeya
Explanation: Brahmadeya land grants were made to Brahmins and often developed into influential settlements possessing organized assemblies and considerable administrative privileges.
Q117. In Chola inscriptions, “Vetti” referred to:
[SSC MTS 2023 — 20 June, Shift 3]
A. A temple grant
B. Forced labour
C. A merchant guild
D. A royal title
Answer: B. Forced labour
Explanation: Vetti represented compulsory labour obligations imposed within the Chola revenue and administrative system rather than a payment made solely in cash.
Q116. Which Chola-period levy was generally collected in the form of compulsory labour?
[SSC MTS 2023 — 14 June, Shift 3]
A. Vetti
B. Devadana
C. Brahmadeya
D. Shalabhoga
Answer: A. Vetti
Explanation: Vetti was an obligation involving forced labour. It is frequently mentioned in discussions of Chola taxation and village economic organization.
Q115. The Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur was constructed under which ruling dynasty?
[SSC MTS 2023 — 4 May, Shift 3]
A. Chola
B. Pallava
C. Chalukya
D. Rashtrakuta
Answer: A. Chola
Explanation: Brihadisvara was constructed during the imperial Chola period under Rajaraja I and represents the monumental scale achieved by mature Chola Dravidian architecture.
Q114. Which Chalukya ruler defeated Harshavardhana?
[WBCS Prelims 2023]
A. Pulakesin I
B. Pulakesin II
C. Vikramaditya II
D. Kirtivarman I
Answer: B. Pulakesin II
Explanation: Pulakesin II checked Harsha’s southward expansion near the Narmada. The Aihole inscription of Ravikirti celebrates the Chalukya king’s political and military achievements.
Q113. Korkai, Poompuhar and Muchiri were best known in ancient South India as:
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2023]
A. Capitals
B. Ports
C. Buddhist monasteries
D. Fortresses
Answer: B. Ports
Explanation: Korkai, Poompuhar and Muchiri were important ports associated respectively with major Tamil polities and played significant roles in Indian Ocean and Roman trade.
Q112. In ancient Tamil tradition, “Vattakirutal” referred to:
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2023]
A. Royal coronation
B. A defeated king fasting to death facing north
C. Marriage ceremony
D. Selection of village committees
Answer: B. A defeated king fasting to death facing north
Explanation: Vattakirutal was a heroic practice described in Sangam literature in which a defeated king, seeking honourable death, fasted while facing north.
Q111. Rajaraja I became Chola king in approximately:
[SSC CHSL 2022 — Held 15 March 2023, Shift 2]
A. 850 CE
B. 985 CE
C. 1050 CE
D. 1200 CE
Answer: B. 985 CE
Explanation: Rajaraja I ascended the Chola throne in 985 CE and transformed the kingdom into a major imperial, naval, administrative and architectural power.
Q110. Vijayalaya’s successors expanded Chola territory mainly at the expense of which neighbouring powers?
[SSC CGL 2022 Tier-II — Held 4 March 2023]
A. Pandyas and Pallavas
B. Palas and Senas
C. Kushanas and Sungas
D. Guptas and Vakatakas
Answer: A. Pandyas and Pallavas
Explanation: After Vijayalaya, Chola rulers expanded both southward and northward, absorbing territories previously controlled by the Pandyas and declining Pallavas.
Q109. Consider the statements:
- Sangam texts were composed and compiled in assemblies of poets.
- These assemblies are traditionally associated with Madurai.
Which is correct?
[SSC CGL 2022 — 13 December, Shift 1]
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither
Answer: C. Both 1 and 2
Explanation: Tamil tradition connects Sangam literature with assemblies of learned poets, particularly those held under Pandya patronage at Madurai.
Q108. Puhar or Kaveripattinam was an important port of which dynasty?
[SSC CGL 2022 — 13 December, Shift 3]
A. Chera
B. Chola
C. Pandya
D. Vakataka
Answer: B. Chola
Explanation: Puhar, also called Kaveripattinam, was a major Chola port at the Kaveri’s mouth and appears prominently in ancient Tamil literary descriptions of maritime commerce.
Q107. Thanjavur was an important capital of which dynasty?
[SSC CGL 2022 — 7 December, Shift 2]
A. Pala
B. Chola
C. Sena
D. Vakataka
Answer: B. Chola
Explanation: Vijayalaya captured Thanjavur, which became an important Chola capital. Rajaraja I later transformed it into a monumental imperial centre.
Q106. The famous Chola bronzes were commonly manufactured using which technique?
[SSC CGL 2022 — 12 December, Shift 1]
A. Lost-wax technique
B. Fresco technique
C. Pietra dura
D. Repoussé only
Answer: A. Lost-wax technique
Explanation: Chola bronze images were created using the lost-wax or cire perdue process, enabling highly individualized and technically sophisticated sacred metal sculptures.
Q105. Which town was identified in the examination as having developed as a temple town during the Chola period?
[SSC CGL 2022 — 8 December, Shift 3]
A. Ajmer
B. Bhillasvamin
C. Ahmedabad
D. Ahmadnagar
Answer: B. Bhillasvamin
Explanation: Temple-centred settlements grew as economic and religious institutions in medieval India, receiving land, employing artisans and attracting merchants and pilgrims.
Q104. Who belonged to the old Chola chiefly family of Uraiyur and captured the Kaveri delta in the ninth century?
[SSC CGL 2022 — 6 December, Shift 1]
A. Vijayalaya
B. Rajendra I
C. Gandaraditya
D. Rajadhiraja
Answer: A. Vijayalaya
Explanation: Vijayalaya captured Thanjavur during the ninth century and laid the political foundation for the later imperial expansion of the Cholas.
Q103. Which city in the Kaveri delta became the power centre of Vijayalaya?
[SSC CGL 2022 — 1 December, Shift 3]
A. Madurai
B. Thanjavur
C. Kanchi
D. Vengi
Answer: B. Thanjavur
Explanation: Vijayalaya seized Thanjavur from the Muttaraiyar chiefs, establishing the city as an early centre of revived Chola authority.
Q102. Vijayalaya’s successors annexed territories belonging mainly to the:
[SSC CGL 2022 — 9 December, Shift 2]
A. Pandyas and Pallavas
B. Palas and Chandelas
C. Senas and Guptas
D. Kushanas and Satavahanas
Answer: A. Pandyas and Pallavas
Explanation: Chola expansion occurred amid declining Pallava authority and continuing rivalry with the Pandyas, eventually producing a dominant Tamil imperial state.
Q101. Rajaraja I and Rajendra I belonged to which dynasty?
[SSC CGL 2022 — 7 December, Shift 1]
A. Chola
B. Pallava
C. Pandya
D. Chalukya
Answer: A. Chola
Explanation: Rajaraja I and his son Rajendra I represent the high point of imperial Chola military, naval, architectural and administrative expansion.
Q100. Rajendra I is stated to have installed a captured sun-pedestal in a Shiva temple after obtaining it from the:
[SSC CGL 2022 — 3 December, Shift 1]
A. Palas
B. Chalukyas
C. Vakatakas
D. Guptas
Answer: B. Chalukyas
Explanation: Chola campaigns frequently produced symbolic transfers of sacred or royal objects, which advertised military success and strengthened the ideological prestige of victorious rulers.
Q99. “Vetti” in Chola inscriptions represented payment in the form of:
[SSC CGL 2022 — 2 December, Shift 4]
A. Forced labour
B. Gold coins
C. Grain only
D. Horses
Answer: A. Forced labour
Explanation: Vetti was compulsory labour rather than a conventional monetary payment and formed one of the obligations imposed within the Chola agrarian system.
Q98. Which term denoted land gifted to temples under the Cholas?
[SSC CGL 2022 — 6 December, Shift 2]
A. Devadana
B. Shalabhoga
C. Brahmadeya
D. Vellanvagai
Answer: A. Devadana
Explanation: Devadana literally signified a gift to a deity and referred to land assigned to temples for ritual, maintenance and institutional expenses.
Q97. Who constructed the Nishumbhasudini temple at Thanjavur?
[SSC CGL 2022 — 7 December, Shift 3]
A. Vijayalaya
B. Rajendra I
C. Rajaraja II
D. Kulottunga III
Answer: A. Vijayalaya
Explanation: Vijayalaya is traditionally credited with constructing a temple to the goddess Nishumbhasudini after establishing his authority at Thanjavur.
Q96. Vijayalaya belonged to which dynasty?
[SSC MTS 2022 — 22 July, Shift 3]
A. Chola
B. Chalukya
C. Pala
D. Chera
Answer: A. Chola
Explanation: Vijayalaya revived Chola political power during the ninth century and established the imperial line later made famous by Rajaraja and Rajendra.
Q95. The Nishumbhasudini temple at Thanjavur is associated with which ruler?
[SSC MTS 2022 — 13 July, Shift 2]
A. Vijayalaya
B. Aditya II
C. Rajendra III
D. Rajaraja II
Answer: A. Vijayalaya
Explanation: The temple is associated with Vijayalaya’s establishment of Chola authority at Thanjavur and the dynasty’s early royal religious patronage.
Q94. In which year did Rajaraja I ascend the Chola throne?
[SSC MTS 2022 — 7 July, Shift 1]
A. 850 CE
B. 985 CE
C. 1014 CE
D. 1070 CE
Answer: B. 985 CE
Explanation: Rajaraja I began his reign in 985 CE and initiated extensive military campaigns, administrative consolidation and ambitious temple-building projects.
Q93. The Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur was built by rulers of which dynasty?
[SSC MTS 2022 — 19 July, Shift 2]
A. Chola
B. Pallava
C. Chalukya
D. Hoysala
Answer: A. Chola
Explanation: Brihadisvara was constructed by Rajaraja I and became a defining monument of Chola imperial architecture and Shaiva royal patronage.
Q92. Which ruler commissioned Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur?
[SSC MTS 2022 — 12 July, Shift 1]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Rajendra II
C. Vijayalaya
D. Narasimhavarman I
Answer: A. Rajaraja I
Explanation: Rajaraja I’s Brihadisvara Temple demonstrated the Chola state’s resources, technical capabilities and close relationship between kingship and institutional Shaivism.
Q91. Land granted for maintaining a school under the Cholas was known as:
[SSC MTS 2022 — 5 July, Shift 3]
A. Shalabhoga
B. Devadana
C. Brahmadeya
D. Vellanvagai
Answer: A. Shalabhoga
Explanation: Shalabhoga revenues maintained educational establishments, illustrating the variety of function-specific land categories recorded in Chola inscriptions.
Q90. Which ruler is associated with the foundation of the Badami Chalukya power?
[SSC MTS 2022 — 13 July, Shift 3]
A. Pulakesin I
B. Pulakesin II
C. Tailapa II
D. Someshvara I
Answer: A. Pulakesin I
Explanation: Pulakesin I established Badami or Vatapi as the Chalukya centre. The dynasty reached its greatest early prominence under Pulakesin II.
Q89. What was Rajaraja I’s name before his coronation?
[WBCS Prelims 2022]
A. Arumolivarman
B. Mahamalla
C. Vichitrachitta
D. Kadungon
Answer: A. Arumolivarman
Explanation: Rajaraja I was known as Arumolivarman before assuming the throne. His reign later marked a major phase of Chola political and cultural expansion.
Q88. Which Chola levy was collected as compulsory labour rather than cash?
[SSC CPO 2022 — 9 November, Shift 2]
A. Vetti
B. Devadana
C. Shalabhoga
D. Brahmadeya
Answer: A. Vetti
Explanation: Vetti represented compulsory labour obligations. Chola inscriptions preserve valuable evidence regarding such taxes, dues and categories of land tenure.
Q87. Who founded the medieval or imperial Chola dynasty?
[BPSC CCE Prelims 2022]
A. Vijayalaya
B. Karikala
C. Rajendra I
D. Rajaraja II
Answer: A. Vijayalaya
Explanation: Vijayalaya founded the medieval imperial Chola line around the ninth century by establishing control over Thanjavur and the fertile Kaveri delta.
Q86. Which two rulers among the following are traditionally described as having been selected or elected to kingship?
[UP RO/ARO Prelims 2021]
- Harsha
- Gopala
- Rajaraja I
- Nandivarman II Pallavamalla
A. 1 and 3
B. 2 and 4
C. 1 and 4
D. 2 and 3
Answer: B. 2 and 4
Explanation: Gopala was selected to establish Pala rule in Bengal, while Pallava tradition records Nandivarman II Pallavamalla being chosen from a collateral branch.
Q85. In Chola inscriptions, “Tirunamattukkani” referred to:
[SSC MTS 2020 — Held 2 November 2021, Shift 1]
A. Land gifted to temples
B. Land granted to Jain institutions
C. Non-Brahmin peasant land
D. Royal hunting grounds
Answer: A. Land gifted to temples
Explanation: Tirunamattukkani was a temple-related land grant, comparable in function to the broader category Devadana recorded in Chola inscriptions.
Q84. Which dynasty became a major political power in southern and Deccan India?
[SSC CHSL 2020 — Held 16 April 2021, Shift 3]
A. Chalukya
B. Sena
C. Pala
D. Kushana
Answer: A. Chalukya
Explanation: Various branches of the Chalukyas ruled important regions of the Deccan, with Badami, Vengi and Kalyani becoming major centres at different times.
Q83. At which place was a Shiva temple NOT constructed under Chola patronage?
[UPSC NDA I 2021]
A. Chidambaram
B. Thanjavur
C. Gangaikonda Cholapuram
D. Naneghat
Answer: D. Naneghat
Explanation: Naneghat in Maharashtra is particularly associated with Satavahana inscriptions. Thanjavur, Gangaikonda Cholapuram and Chidambaram are strongly connected with Chola Shaiva patronage.
Q82. Which of the following is primarily a temple of the Vaishnavite tradition?
[UPSC CDS II 2021]
A. Srirangam
B. Chidambaram
C. Gangaikonda Cholapuram
D. Brihadisvara, Thanjavur
Answer: A. Srirangam
Explanation: Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam is a major Vaishnava centre dedicated to Vishnu, whereas the other listed temples are principally associated with Shiva.
Q81. Which medieval Indian empire is particularly famous for elaborate local self-government?
[66th BPSC Prelims 2020]
A. Chalukya
B. Chola
C. Solanki
D. Paramara
Answer: B. Chola
Explanation: Chola local institutions included Ur, Sabha and Nagaram. Uttaramerur inscriptions provide exceptionally detailed evidence of village committees and their organization.
Q80. Assertion: We possess comparatively detailed information on Chola administration.
Reason: Chola rulers recorded historical and administrative information in extensive temple inscriptions.
[UPPSC Prelims 2020]
A. Both are true and Reason explains Assertion
B. Both are true but Reason does not explain Assertion
C. Assertion true, Reason false
D. Assertion false, Reason true
Answer: A. Both are true and Reason explains Assertion
Explanation: Chola temples preserve exceptionally rich epigraphic records concerning royal victories, gifts, taxation, landholding and local administration, greatly improving our knowledge of their period.
Q79. The Kuruspal inscription provides information about which ruler?
[Chhattisgarh PSC Prelims 2020]
A. Someshvara I
B. Rajaraja I
C. Pulakesin II
D. Narasimhavarman I
Answer: A. Someshvara I
Explanation: The Kuruspal inscription contains information relating to Someshvara I and is an important regional epigraphic source for medieval Deccan political history.
Q78. Which dynasty built the Pancha Rathas at Mahabalipuram?
[SSC CGL — 5 March 2020, Shift 1]
A. Chera
B. Chola
C. Pallava
D. Satavahana
Answer: C. Pallava
Explanation: The Pancha Rathas are monolithic Pallava monuments at Mahabalipuram, principally associated with Narasimhavarman I, whose epithet Mamalla gave Mamallapuram its name.
Q77. Which temple is an example of Chola architecture?
[SSC CHSL — 17 March 2020, Shift 1]
A. Badami Cave Temple
B. Chennakesava Temple
C. Airavatesvara Temple
D. Kandariya Mahadeva Temple
Answer: C. Airavatesvara Temple
Explanation: Airavatesvara at Darasuram was constructed by Rajaraja II and forms part of the UNESCO-listed Great Living Chola Temples.
Q76. Which Chola ruler was popularly called “Victor of the Ganges” or Gangaikondachola?
[SSC CHSL — 13 October 2020, Shift 2]
A. Vijayalaya
B. Rajendra I
C. Gandaraditya
D. Parantaka I
Answer: B. Rajendra I
Explanation: Rajendra I’s successful northern expedition to the Ganga region earned him the title Gangaikondachola, literally the Chola who conquered the Ganga.
Q75. The term “Sangam” most appropriately means:
[WBCS Mains 2020]
A. Assembly of poets
B. Land tax
C. Naval regiment
D. Irrigation reservoir
Answer: A. Assembly of poets
Explanation: Sangam denotes an association or assembly and is used particularly for the traditional gatherings of Tamil poets and scholars linked with early Tamil literature.
Q74. Which Chola land-category pair is correctly matched?
[SSC CGL — 9 March 2020, Shift 3]
A. Pallichchandam — land donated to Jain institutions
B. Brahmadeya — temple land
C. Shalabhoga — Brahmin land
D. Vellanvagai — Brahmin-owned land
Answer: A. Pallichchandam — land donated to Jain institutions
Explanation: Pallichchandam denoted grants to Jain establishments. Brahmadeya supported Brahmins, Devadana temples, Shalabhoga schools and Vellanvagai generally referred to non-Brahmin peasant proprietors’ land.
Q73. Who assumed the title Gangaikondachola?
[SSC CGL 2019 — 11 June, Shift 3]
A. Rajendra I
B. Rajaraja I
C. Vijayalaya
D. Aditya I
Answer: A. Rajendra I
Explanation: Rajendra I adopted the title after his armies campaigned toward the Ganga. His new capital, Gangaikonda Cholapuram, commemorated the same achievement.
Q72. The Nishumbhasudini temple at Thanjavur was associated with which dynasty?
[SSC MTS 2019 — 13 August, Shift 2]
A. Chola
B. Gupta
C. Pala
D. Sena
Answer: A. Chola
Explanation: Vijayalaya Chola is traditionally credited with establishing a shrine to Nishumbhasudini at Thanjavur after capturing the city and founding renewed Chola power.
Q71. Charupallam, traditionally interpreted as the “village of the incline,” is located near which famous temple?
[SSC MTS 2019 — 14 August, Shift 3]
A. Rajarajeshwara/Brihadisvara Temple
B. Konark Temple
C. Jagannath Temple
D. Sanchi Stupa
Answer: A. Rajarajeshwara/Brihadisvara Temple
Explanation: Charupallam is linked in local tradition with the construction of the massive Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur during Rajaraja I’s reign.
Q70. In Chola administration, settlements of ordinary cultivators were generally called:
[SSC MTS 2019 — 14 August, Shift 2]
A. Ur
B. Sabha
C. Ghatika
D. Agrahara
Answer: A. Ur
Explanation: Ur was the assembly and settlement structure of ordinary villages, whereas Sabha was characteristic of Brahmadeya settlements dominated by Brahmins.
Q69. Under Chola revenue terminology, Shalabhoga meant:
[SSC CPO 2019 — 11 December, Shift 1]
A. Land supporting a school
B. Land for Jain institutions
C. Royal pasture
D. Merchant land
Answer: A. Land supporting a school
Explanation: Shalabhoga grants provided revenue for educational establishments and illustrate how Chola inscriptions differentiated land according to beneficiary and purpose.
Q68. Which military commander invaded major parts of South India in the early fourteenth century?
[SSC CHSL 2018 — Held 8 July 2019, Shift 2]
A. Malik Kafur
B. Muhammad Ghori
C. Timur
D. Babur
Answer: A. Malik Kafur
Explanation: Malik Kafur, commander of Alauddin Khalji, led major Deccan and South Indian expeditions in the early fourteenth century, well after the imperial Chola zenith.
Q67. Arrange these monuments in chronological order:
- Brihadisvara Temple
- Gangaikondacholapuram Temple
- Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram
- Early Mahabalipuram “Seven Pagodas” tradition
[UPPSC Prelims 2018]
A. 4, 3, 1, 2
B. 1, 2, 3, 4
C. 3, 4, 2, 1
D. 2, 1, 4, 3
Answer: A. 4, 3, 1, 2
Explanation: Pallava monuments at Mahabalipuram precede the monumental Chola temples. Brihadisvara belongs to Rajaraja I, followed by Gangaikondacholapuram under Rajendra I.
Q66. Which merchant organizations were particularly connected with long-distance and overseas trade in South India?
[UPPSC Prelims 2018]
A. Nanadesis and Manigramam
B. Sabha and Ur
C. Vetti and Kadamai
D. Brahmadeya and Devadana
Answer: A. Nanadesis and Manigramam
Explanation: Nanadesis and Manigramam were influential South Indian merchant associations involved in long-distance commercial networks extending beyond local and regional markets.
Q65. Which Chola king was known as Gangaikonda Chola?
[WBCS Prelims 2018]
A. Rajendra I
B. Rajaraja I
C. Parantaka I
D. Vijayalaya
Answer: A. Rajendra I
Explanation: Rajendra I acquired the title following his northern expedition and founded Gangaikonda Cholapuram to commemorate the imperial achievement.
Q64. Who was identified in the examination as the first major powerful ruler to emerge from the imperial Chola line?
[SSC CHSL 2017 — Held 22 March 2018, Shift 1]
A. Rajaraja Chola I
B. Rajendra II
C. Gandaraditya
D. Rajadhiraja II
Answer: A. Rajaraja Chola I
Explanation: Although Vijayalaya founded the medieval line, Rajaraja I transformed the Chola kingdom into a vast imperial power through conquest, administration and naval expansion.
Q63. Which Rashtrakuta ruler inflicted a serious defeat on the Cholas?
[SSC CHSL 2017 — Held 25 March 2018, Shift 3]
A. Krishna III
B. Dantidurga
C. Amoghavarsha I
D. Dhruva
Answer: A. Krishna III
Explanation: Rashtrakuta Krishna III defeated the Cholas at Takkolam, weakening Chola influence temporarily before their later revival under powerful imperial rulers.
Q62. Rajendra Chola I was the son of:
[SSC CGL 2017 — 23 August, Shift 1]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Vijayalaya
C. Aditya I
D. Kulottunga I
Answer: A. Rajaraja I
Explanation: Rajendra I succeeded his father Rajaraja I and further expanded Chola power through campaigns in India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.
Q61. Land assigned to maintain a school during the Chola period was called:
[SSC CGL 2017 — 21 August, Shift 1]
A. Shalabhoga
B. Brahmadeya
C. Devadana
D. Vellanvagai
Answer: A. Shalabhoga
Explanation: Shalabhoga was a specialized land grant whose revenue maintained schools, demonstrating the detailed fiscal categories found in Chola inscriptions.
Q60. “Pallichchandam” denoted land donated to:
[SSC CGL 2017 — 21 August, Shift 2]
A. Jain institutions
B. Royal army
C. Brahmins
D. Schools
Answer: A. Jain institutions
Explanation: Pallichchandam was land assigned to Jain establishments, distinct from Brahmadeya, Devadana and Shalabhoga grants.
Q59. What did “Devadana” signify under the Cholas?
[SSC CGL 2017 — 23 August, Shift 1]
A. Land gifted to a temple
B. Land belonging to merchants
C. Land assigned to soldiers
D. Village pasture
Answer: A. Land gifted to a temple
Explanation: Devadana literally means a gift to a deity and referred to endowed land whose revenue supported a temple and associated religious activities.
Q58. Land granted to Brahmins under the Cholas was called:
[SSC CGL 2017 — 23 August, Shift 3]
A. Brahmadeya
B. Vellanvagai
C. Devadana
D. Pallichchandam
Answer: A. Brahmadeya
Explanation: Brahmadeya villages received grants for Brahmins and often possessed powerful Sabhas that managed land, irrigation, taxation and other local affairs.
Q57. “Vellanvagai” referred to:
[SSC CGL 2017 — 22 August, Shift 1]
A. Land of non-Brahmin peasant proprietors
B. Temple land
C. School land
D. Jain institutional land
Answer: A. Land of non-Brahmin peasant proprietors
Explanation: Chola inscriptions distinguish Vellanvagai agricultural holdings from temple, Brahmin, Jain and educational grants, revealing a highly differentiated agrarian structure.
Q56. The Chola dynasty ruled primarily in which part of India?
[SSC CGL 2017 — 19 August, Shift 2]
A. Southern India
B. North-western India
C. Kashmir
D. Bengal only
Answer: A. Southern India
Explanation: The Chola heartland lay in the fertile Kaveri valley of Tamil Nadu, though at their imperial height they controlled territories far beyond this core.
Q55. The characteristic temple architectural style developed under the Cholas is:
[SSC MTS 2017 — 13 October, Shift 1]
A. Dravidian
B. Nagara
C. Gandhara
D. Indo-Saracenic
Answer: A. Dravidian
Explanation: Chola architects brought the Dravidian temple tradition to monumental maturity, as demonstrated by Brihadisvara and Gangaikondacholapuram.
Q54. Which Chola land-category pairing is incorrect?
[SSC MTS 2017 — 4 October, Shift 2]
A. Devadana — temple land
B. Shalabhoga — school land
C. Brahmadeya — Brahmin grant
D. Vellanvagai — land donated to Jain institutions
Answer: D. Vellanvagai — land donated to Jain institutions
Explanation: Land for Jain institutions was Pallichchandam. Vellanvagai referred principally to agricultural holdings of non-Brahmin peasant proprietors.
Q53. The famous group of monuments at Mahabalipuram was constructed primarily by the:
[RRB NTPC CBT-2 — 18 January 2017, Shift 3]
A. Pallavas
B. Cholas
C. Pandyas
D. Rashtrakutas
Answer: A. Pallavas
Explanation: Pallava rulers, particularly Narasimhavarman I and Narasimhavarman II, transformed Mahabalipuram into a major centre of rock-cut, monolithic and structural architecture.
Q52. Kailasanathar Temple at Kanchipuram is associated principally with which dynasty?
[RRB NTPC CBT-2 — 18 January 2017, Shift 2]
A. Pallava
B. Maurya
C. Pala
D. Sena
Answer: A. Pallava
Explanation: The Kailasanatha Temple was developed under the Pallavas and is especially associated with Narasimhavarman II Rajasimha.
Q51. Brihadisvara Temple is located at:
[SSC CHSL 2016 — Held 11 January 2017, Shift 3]
A. Thanjavur
B. Kanchipuram
C. Madurai
D. Pattadakal
Answer: A. Thanjavur
Explanation: The great Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur was commissioned by Rajaraja I and remains one of India’s most important Chola monuments.
Q50. The Chola age was particularly famous for its:
[63rd BPSC Prelims 2017]
A. Village assemblies
B. Absence of administration
C. Nomadic economy
D. Lack of overseas trade
Answer: A. Village assemblies
Explanation: Chola administration is renowned for organized village institutions such as Ur and Sabha, whose procedures are documented extensively in inscriptions.
Q49. Who laid the foundation of the imperial Chola Empire in the ninth century CE?
[RAS/RTS (RPSC) Prelims 2016]
A. Krishna I
B. Rajaraja I
C. Vijayalaya
D. Parantaka II
Answer: C. Vijayalaya
Explanation: Vijayalaya seized Thanjavur in the ninth century and founded the imperial Chola line that later reached its zenith under Rajaraja and Rajendra.
Q48. Consider the following pairs:
- Eripatti — land whose revenue maintained village tanks
- Taniyur — village donated to a single Brahmin
- Ghatika — educational institution often associated with temples
Which are correctly matched?
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2016]
A. 1 and 2
B. 3 only
C. 2 and 3
D. 1 and 3
Answer: D. 1 and 3
Explanation: Eripatti revenues maintained tanks and Ghatikas were educational centres. Taniyur referred to a distinctive autonomous large village unit, not simply a Brahmin grant.
Q47. Consider the statements:
- Tamil Siddhas emphasized a form of monotheism and criticized ritualistic idolatry.
- Lingayats questioned rebirth and caste hierarchy.
Which is correct?
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2016]
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither
Answer: C. Both 1 and 2
Explanation: Both South Indian traditions challenged established religious practices in different ways, emphasizing personal spiritual experience and questioning elements of orthodox social or ritual structures.
Q46. Which South Indian state-capital pair is incorrectly matched?
[Chhattisgarh PSC Prelims 2016]
A. Pallava — Kanchipuram
B. Pandya — Madurai
C. Chera — Puducherry
D. Chola — Thanjavur
Answer: C. Chera — Puducherry
Explanation: Chera power was traditionally centred at Vanchi or Karur, while Kanchipuram, Madurai and Thanjavur are correctly linked with Pallava, Pandya and Chola rule.
Q45. Which form of Shiva is especially prominent in the Brihadisvara Temple’s sculptural programme?
[UPSC CDS II 2016]
A. Harihara
B. Bhairava
C. Rudra
D. Tripurantaka
Answer: D. Tripurantaka
Explanation: Shiva as Tripurantaka—the destroyer of the three cities—is prominently represented in Brihadisvara’s Chola sculptural and iconographic programme.
Q44. The Brihadisvara Temple is located in:
[SSC CGL 2016 — 6 September, Shift 3]
A. Thanjavur
B. Madurai
C. Mysuru
D. Hyderabad
Answer: A. Thanjavur
Explanation: Rajaraja I’s Brihadisvara at Thanjavur represents one of the greatest surviving achievements of Chola temple architecture.
Q43. What is common to Ajanta and Mahabalipuram?
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2016]
- They were built in exactly the same period.
- They belong to the same religion.
- Both contain rock-cut monuments.
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. None
Answer: B. 3 only
Explanation: Both sites contain important rock-cut monuments, but they span different chronological contexts and are not exclusively associated with the same religious tradition.
Q42. Which dynasty was famous for an efficient system of rural administration?
[MPPSC Prelims 2014]
A. Chola
B. Rashtrakuta
C. Chalukya
D. Pallava
Answer: A. Chola
Explanation: Chola village institutions and committee systems are documented in detailed inscriptions, making their rural administration particularly significant in Indian history.
Q41. Which Chola king is credited in the examination with establishing a powerful naval force?
[Chhattisgarh PSC Prelims 2014]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Parantaka I
C. Rajaraja II
D. Uttama Chola
Answer: A. Rajaraja I
Explanation: Rajaraja I considerably expanded Chola naval capacity, enabling campaigns in Sri Lanka and strengthening the empire’s control over strategic maritime routes.
Q40. Which Chola king conquered northern Sri Lanka?
[UPPSC Mains 2014]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Vijayalaya
C. Aditya I
D. Gandaraditya
Answer: A. Rajaraja I
Explanation: Rajaraja I conquered northern Sri Lanka and destroyed the political importance of Anuradhapura, while his son Rajendra later extended Chola control further.
Q39. An amphora is best described as:
[UPPSC Revenue Inspector 2014]
A. A tall double-handled jar
B. A stone inscription
C. A gold coin
D. A temple tower
Answer: A. A tall double-handled jar
Explanation: Amphorae were Mediterranean containers used especially for wine and oil. Their discovery at South Indian sites such as Arikamedu demonstrates Indo-Roman commercial contacts.
Q38. Dakshinamurti represents Shiva principally in the form of a:
[UPPSC Prelims 2013]
A. Teacher
B. Warrior
C. Sleeping deity
D. Merchant
Answer: A. Teacher
Explanation: Dakshinamurti portrays Shiva as the supreme teacher or guru, generally seated facing south and imparting spiritual knowledge.
Q37. Which Chola committee or Variyam looked after gardens?
[UP RO/ARO Mains 2013]
A. Eri Variyam
B. Thotta Variyam
C. Samvatsara Variyam
D. Pon Variyam
Answer: B. Thotta Variyam
Explanation: Thotta Variyam supervised gardens, while other committees handled irrigation tanks, annual administration, finance and specialized village responsibilities.
Q36. Which Tamil text has sometimes been called the “Laghuveda”?
[UP RO/ARO Mains 2013]
A. Kural
B. Periyapuranam
C. Kalingattupparani
D. Manimekalai
Answer: A. Kural
Explanation: Thiruvalluvar’s Tirukkural gained extraordinary prestige for its concise ethical teachings and universal discussion of virtue, wealth and human relationships.
Q35. Which sage is traditionally associated with the spread of Aryan cultural influence into South India?
[Jharkhand PSC Prelims 2013]
A. Agastya
B. Vashishtha
C. Bharadvaja
D. Vishvamitra
Answer: A. Agastya
Explanation: Later tradition strongly associates sage Agastya with southern India, Tamil language traditions and the diffusion of Sanskritic or northern cultural influences.
Q34. The Uttaramerur inscription is an important source for the administration of the:
[SSC CGL 2013]
A. Cholas
B. Mauryas
C. Kushanas
D. Sungas
Answer: A. Cholas
Explanation: Uttaramerur records provide exceptionally detailed information on Chola village assemblies, committee membership, qualifications, elections and administrative responsibilities.
Q33. Who established Gangaikonda Cholapuram?
[SSC MTS 2013]
A. Rajendra I
B. Rajaraja I
C. Vijayalaya
D. Parantaka I
Answer: A. Rajendra I
Explanation: Rajendra I founded Gangaikonda Cholapuram after his Ganga expedition and made it a major Chola imperial capital.
Q32. What was an important early capital of the Cholas during the Sangam period?
[SSC CHSL 2013]
A. Uraiyur
B. Vatapi
C. Kanchi
D. Madurai
Answer: A. Uraiyur
Explanation: Uraiyur, near modern Tiruchirappalli, was an important early Chola centre and was renowned in ancient literature for cotton production and trade.
Q31. Which Sangam ports were located on the western coast?
[UPPSC Prelims 2012]
- Korkai
- Puhar
- Tondi
- Mushiri
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 3 and 4
D. 1 and 4
Answer: C. 3 and 4
Explanation: Tondi and Mushiri were important western-coast ports associated especially with Chera territory and overseas trade, while Korkai and Puhar lay on the eastern side.
Q30. Which Chola ruler maintained comparatively friendly relations with an independent Sri Lankan kingdom and is associated with a matrimonial alliance?
[UPPSC Prelims 2012]
A. Kulottunga I
B. Rajendra I
C. Rajadhiraja I
D. Adhirajendra
Answer: A. Kulottunga I
Explanation: During Kulottunga I’s period, Chola policy toward Sri Lanka shifted from direct imperial domination toward diplomatic and matrimonial relations.
Q29. In Sangam texts, the terms “Kon,” “Ko” and “Mannan” were used for a:
[RAS/RTS (RPSC) Prelims 2010]
A. Merchant
B. Priest
C. Commander
D. King
Answer: D. King
Explanation: These Tamil terms were used for rulers or chiefs and reflect the vocabulary of kingship preserved in Sangam literature.
Q28. Which dynasty was NOT one of the three principal Tamil ruling houses of the Sangam Age?
[UP UDA/LDA Mains 2010]
A. Chera
B. Chola
C. Pallava
D. Pandya
Answer: C. Pallava
Explanation: Sangam political literature centres on Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas. The Pallavas rose to major power in Tamil country in a later historical period.
Q27. Who wrote the Tamil Ramavataram, popularly known as the Tamil Ramayana?
[UP UDA/LDA Mains 2010]
A. Kamban
B. Ilango Adigal
C. Sattanar
D. Thiruvalluvar
Answer: A. Kamban
Explanation: The medieval Tamil poet Kamban composed Ramavataram, an influential Tamil retelling of the Ramayana celebrated for its literary richness.
Q26. Chola kings ruled primarily over which present-day region?
[SSC CHSL 2010]
A. Tamil Nadu
B. Punjab
C. Bengal
D. Kashmir
Answer: A. Tamil Nadu
Explanation: The Chola core lay in the Kaveri basin of Tamil Nadu, though imperial rulers later extended authority across much of southern India and overseas territories.
Q25. Which Chola ruler brought sacred Ganga water to the south after his northern expedition?
[SSC CHSL 2010]
A. Rajendra Chola I
B. Vijayalaya
C. Rajaraja II
D. Aditya I
Answer: A. Rajendra Chola I
Explanation: Rajendra I commemorated his Ganga expedition by bringing water from the river to his new capital, Gangaikonda Cholapuram.
Q24. Which city served as an important capital of the imperial Cholas?
[UP Lower Subordinate Prelims 2009]
A. Tanjore/Thanjavur
B. Kanchi
C. Madurai
D. Ujjain
Answer: A. Tanjore/Thanjavur
Explanation: Thanjavur became a major Chola capital after Vijayalaya captured it and later flourished magnificently under Rajaraja I.
Q23. At which South Indian archaeological site has evidence of a Roman trading settlement been discovered?
[UP Lower Subordinate Prelims 2009]
A. Arikamedu
B. Kalibangan
C. Rangpur
D. Hastinapur
Answer: A. Arikamedu
Explanation: Arikamedu near Puducherry yielded Roman amphorae, pottery, beads and other evidence demonstrating intensive Indo-Roman maritime trade.
Q22. Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur was built during the reign of:
[UPPSC Mains 2008]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Rajendra I
C. Parantaka I
D. Rajadhiraja I
Answer: A. Rajaraja I
Explanation: Rajaraja I commissioned Brihadisvara, completed around the beginning of the eleventh century, as an architectural and ideological centre of Chola imperial power.
Q21. Which Chola ruler is credited with turning the Bay of Bengal into a virtual “Chola Lake”?
[UPPSC Special Prelims 2008]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Rajendra I
C. Vijayalaya
D. Gandaraditya
Answer: B. Rajendra I
Explanation: Rajendra I’s overseas expeditions and powerful navy extended Chola influence across Bay of Bengal routes, including campaigns against Srivijayan territories.
Q20. Who founded Gangaikonda Cholapuram?
[UPPSC Special Mains 2008]
A. Rajendra I
B. Rajaraja I
C. Aditya I
D. Vijayalaya
Answer: A. Rajendra I
Explanation: Rajendra I founded the city after his northern victories and constructed a major Shiva temple there, making it a new imperial capital.
Q19. Which Chola ruler first conquered substantial territory in Sri Lanka during the imperial Chola expansion?
[SSC Matric Level 2008]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Vijayalaya
C. Aditya I
D. Uttama Chola
Answer: A. Rajaraja I
Explanation: Rajaraja I conquered northern Sri Lanka, while Rajendra I subsequently extended Chola authority further over the island.
Q18. Which dynasty is noted for assigning women to comparatively high-ranking administrative positions?
[UPPSC Mains 2007]
A. Chalukya
B. Pala
C. Sena
D. Chola
Answer: A. Chalukya
Explanation: Chalukya records mention royal women exercising significant administrative and political authority, including issuing grants and participating in governance.
Q17. Which Chola ruler conducted the celebrated northern expedition reaching Bengal and the Ganga?
[WBCS Prelims 2007]
A. Rajendra Chola I
B. Vijayalaya
C. Rajaraja II
D. Gandaraditya
Answer: A. Rajendra Chola I
Explanation: Rajendra I’s northern army reached the Ganga valley and defeated regional powers, leading to his adoption of the title Gangaikonda.
Q16. The celebrated bronze image of Nataraja is especially associated with which artistic tradition?
[UPPSC Prelims 2006]
A. Chola art
B. Gandhara art
C. Mauryan art
D. Mathura art
Answer: A. Chola art
Explanation: Chola bronze Natarajas are internationally renowned for their technical mastery, graceful movement and complex symbolism representing Shiva’s cosmic dance.
Q15. According to Tamil literary tradition, the Third Sangam was held at:
[UPPSC Prelims 2006]
A. Madurai
B. Arikamedu
C. Kanchi
D. Thanjavur
Answer: A. Madurai
Explanation: Tamil tradition places the Third Sangam at Madurai under Pandya patronage, associating the city closely with classical Tamil literary culture.
Q14. Which Chola ruler conquered northern Sri Lanka and incorporated it into his empire?
[SSC Matric Level 2006]
A. Rajaraja I
B. Parantaka II
C. Rajendra III
D. Vijayalaya
Answer: A. Rajaraja I
Explanation: Rajaraja I captured northern Sri Lanka, weakening Anuradhapura and establishing Chola authority that his son Rajendra subsequently extended.
Q13. A South Indian ruler sent an embassy to the Roman world around 26 BCE. He belonged to which dynasty?
[MPPSC Prelims 2005]
A. Chola
B. Chera
C. Pandya
D. Chalukya
Answer: C. Pandya
Explanation: Classical sources refer to diplomatic contacts between the Roman world and the Pandya kingdom, reflecting flourishing Indo-Roman trade with ancient South India.
Q12. What was the capital of the Kadamba rulers?
[UPPSC Mains 2005]
A. Vanavasi/Banavasi
B. Thanjavur
C. Kanchi
D. Madurai
Answer: A. Vanavasi/Banavasi
Explanation: Banavasi in Karnataka served as the Kadamba capital. The Kadambas were an important early Deccan dynasty later interacting with expanding Chalukya power.
Q11. Which South Indian dynasty was particularly renowned for its naval power?
[UPPSC Prelims 2004]
A. Chola
B. Chera
C. Pallava
D. Kalachuri
Answer: A. Chola
Explanation: The imperial Cholas developed formidable naval capabilities used in Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Southeast Asian expeditions and in protecting maritime commercial interests.
Q10. Consider the statements:
- The Cholas defeated Pandya and Chera rulers and established extensive peninsular power.
- They launched an expedition against the Sailendra/Srivijaya power of Southeast Asia.
Which is correct?
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2003]
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither
Answer: C. Both 1 and 2
Explanation: Imperial Chola expansion included victories over neighbouring Tamil powers and Rajendra I’s major naval expedition against Srivijayan territories in Southeast Asia.
Q9. Which dynasty followed the practice of naming or associating a successor with governance during the reigning monarch’s lifetime?
[UP UDA/LDA Prelims 2001]
A. Chola
B. Kadamba
C. Kalachuri
D. Pala
Answer: A. Chola
Explanation: Chola kings frequently associated crown princes with administration and military responsibilities, helping ensure dynastic continuity and practical experience before accession.
Q8. The famous Battle of Takkolam was fought between the:
[UP UDA/LDA Prelims 2001]
A. Cholas and Rashtrakutas
B. Cholas and Palas
C. Pallavas and Guptas
D. Cheras and Mauryas
Answer: A. Cholas and Rashtrakutas
Explanation: At Takkolam, Rashtrakuta Krishna III and his allies inflicted a major defeat on the Cholas, temporarily restricting their northern ambitions.
Q7. Which early Chola ruler is traditionally associated with the development of Puhar or Kaveripattinam?
[SSC Matric Level 2000]
A. Karikala Chola
B. Rajendra I
C. Vijayalaya
D. Gandaraditya
Answer: A. Karikala Chola
Explanation: Karikala is one of the best-known Sangam Chola rulers and is associated in Tamil tradition with Puhar, Kaveri irrigation and major public works.
Q6. Which religious tradition received major royal patronage from the imperial Cholas?
[SSC CGL 1999]
A. Shaivism
B. Zoroastrianism
C. Judaism
D. Confucianism
Answer: A. Shaivism
Explanation: Chola rulers strongly patronized Shaivism, constructing monumental Shiva temples and supporting temple institutions, although other religious traditions also continued in their territories.
Q5. The celebrated Tamil text Kural was composed in which language?
[MPPSC Prelims 1997]
A. Sanskrit
B. Tamil
C. Pali
D. Prakrit
Answer: B. Tamil
Explanation: Thiruvalluvar composed the Tirukkural in classical Tamil. Its concise couplets discuss morality, political and economic life, and personal relationships.
Q4. Which was a particularly notable feature of Chola administration?
[UPPSC Prelims 1995]
A. Autonomy of village administration
B. Complete absence of local bodies
C. No land-revenue system
D. Government exclusively by soldiers
Answer: A. Autonomy of village administration
Explanation: Chola villages possessed sophisticated assemblies and committees that managed irrigation, land, taxation and local affairs within the wider imperial administrative structure.
Q3. Which sculptures are especially famous from the Chola age?
[RAS/RTS (RPSC) Prelims 1994]
A. Bronze images of Nataraja
B. Gandhara Buddhas
C. Mauryan Yakshas
D. Sanchi railings
Answer: A. Bronze images of Nataraja
Explanation: Chola bronze Natarajas combine advanced lost-wax casting, graceful proportions and profound Shaiva symbolism, becoming some of the most celebrated works of Indian art.
Q2. Who is generally regarded as the greatest ruler of the Badami Chalukya dynasty?
[UPPSC Prelims 1991]
A. Pulakesin II
B. Pulakesin I
C. Kirtivarman II
D. Mangalesha
Answer: A. Pulakesin II
Explanation: Pulakesin II greatly expanded Chalukya power, checked Harsha on the Narmada and fought the Pallavas. His achievements are recorded prominently in the Aihole inscription.
Q1. What was the capital of the Badami Chalukyas?
[UPPSC Prelims 1991]
A. Vatapi
B. Kanchipuram
C. Madurai
D. Thanjavur
Answer: A. Vatapi
Explanation: Vatapi, modern Badami in Karnataka, served as the early Chalukya capital and remains famous for its rock-cut caves, temples and associated Deccan architectural heritage.