Q100. Which of the following statements on the Amaravati Stupa and its relief sculpture is/are correct?
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2026]
- It was located in the lower Krishna valley.
- In India, it was next only to the Sanchi Stupa in size.
- The Amaravati school influenced later South Indian sculpture and spread to Sri Lanka and South-East Asia.
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B. 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Amaravati stood in the lower Krishna valley and its sculptural tradition influenced South and Southeast Asia. The stupa was actually larger than Sanchi, making statement 2 incorrect.
Q99. Which of the following temples has/have a Nagara-style shikhara?
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2026]
- Malegitti Shivalaya, Badami
- Huchimalligudi Temple, Aihole
- Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh
- Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 3 only
D. 3 and 4
Answer: B. 2 and 3
Explanation: Huchimalligudi demonstrates an early curvilinear Nagara shikhara, while Deogarh’s Dashavatara Temple is an early Nagara example. Malegitti Shivalaya and Virupaksha follow Dravida forms.
Q98. The Hallisalasya painting in the Bagh Caves represents:
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2026]
A. A joyous folk dance
B. Buddha in a meditative pose
C. Shiva and Parvati on Kailasha
D. Samudramanthan
Answer: A. A joyous folk dance
Explanation: Hallisalasya is a celebrated Bagh Cave mural depicting a lively group dance. The Bagh murals are important examples of the classical Indian painting tradition associated with rock-cut monasteries.
Q97. Which historical process is best reflected by the evolution of temple architecture in India?
[SSC CGL 2025 Tier-II – Held 19 January 2026]
A. Sudden cultural change
B. Foreign architectural dominance
C. Decline of indigenous art
D. Continuous interaction of religion and regional styles
Answer: D. Continuous interaction of religion and regional styles
Explanation: Indian temple architecture evolved gradually through regional traditions, religious requirements and local artistic practices, producing distinct Nagara, Dravida, Vesara and numerous regional sub-styles.
Q96. The Sanchi Stupa gateways are known for sculptures depicting scenes from ______.
[SSC MTS 2025 – Held 11 February 2026]
A. Vedas
B. Ramayana
C. Mahavira’s life
D. Jataka stories
Answer: D. Jataka stories
Explanation: Sanchi’s magnificent toranas contain narrative reliefs based largely on Jataka stories and episodes associated with Buddha, frequently representing him symbolically rather than in human form.
Q95. A typical example of early cave architecture is the Lomas Rishi Cave in the Barabar Hills of ______.
[SSC MTS 2025 – Held 4 February 2026]
A. Kerala
B. Jharkhand
C. Gujarat
D. Bihar
Answer: D. Bihar
Explanation: Lomas Rishi Cave belongs to the Barabar Hills in Bihar. Dating to the Mauryan age, its rock-cut façade imitates earlier wooden architectural forms and features remarkable stone polishing.
Q94. Ekattarso Mahadeva Temple is also known as ______.
[SSC MTS 2025 – Held 4 February 2026]
A. Chausath Yogini Temple
B. Virupaksha Temple
C. Somnath Temple
D. Dilwara Temple
Answer: A. Chausath Yogini Temple
Explanation: The circular Chausath Yogini or Ekattarso Mahadeva Temple is situated at Mitawali in Madhya Pradesh. Its circular arrangement of shrines makes it architecturally distinctive.
Q93. The Rashtrakutas were primarily known for which architectural marvel?
[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I 2026]
A. Brihadeeswara Temple
B. Konark Sun Temple
C. Sanchi Stupa
D. Kailasa Temple at Ellora
Answer: D. Kailasa Temple at Ellora
Explanation: Rashtrakuta king Krishna I commissioned the Kailasa Temple at Ellora. Cave 16 is an extraordinary monolithic monument excavated vertically from a single mass of basalt rock.
Q92. What is the primary material used in the eighth-century Kailasanatha Temple at Kanchipuram?
[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I 2026]
A. Granite
B. Brick
C. Sandstone
D. Marble
Answer: C. Sandstone
Explanation: Pallava ruler Narasimhavarman II Rajasimha commissioned the Kailasanatha Temple. Its sandstone construction permitted extensive sculptural ornamentation and represents an important stage of early structural Dravidian architecture.
Q91. Which feature of the Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar reflects the Nagara architectural style?
[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I 2026]
A. Stepped pyramidal vimana
B. Circular stupa dome
C. Ornate gopuram entrance
D. Curvilinear shikhara tower
Answer: D. Curvilinear shikhara tower
Explanation: Lingaraja represents the Kalinga variety of Nagara architecture. Its soaring curvilinear rekha-deul over the sanctum is a defining characteristic of eastern Indian Nagara temple design.
Q90. Which of the following are famous Sun temples of India?
[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I 2026]
- Konark Temple
- Modhera Temple
- Martand Temple
A. I only
B. I and III only
C. I, II and III
D. I and II only
Answer: C. I, II and III
Explanation: Konark in Odisha, Modhera in Gujarat and Martand in Kashmir are all historically important temples dedicated to Surya, though they belong to different regions and architectural traditions.
Q89. Which of the following temples is NOT a prime example of Dravidian-style architecture?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I 2026]
A. Brihadeeswara Temple
B. Shore Temple
C. Gangaikondacholapuram Temple
D. Siddhesvara Mahadeva Temple
Answer: D. Siddhesvara Mahadeva Temple
Explanation: Brihadeeswara, Shore and Gangaikondacholapuram temples belong to major southern Dravidian traditions. Siddhesvara Mahadeva is associated instead with northern or regional Nagara architectural traditions.
Q88. The Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh is important because it is an early example of which temple type?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I 2026]
A. Rock-cut architecture
B. Vesara style
C. Dravida style
D. Panchayatana Nagara temple
Answer: D. Panchayatana Nagara temple
Explanation: The Gupta-period Dashavatara Temple was built on a high platform with a central shrine and subsidiary shrines at the corners, representing an early Panchayatana-Nagara plan.
Q87. Which site is renowned for paintings and sculptures considered masterpieces of Buddhist art?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I 2026]
A. Elephanta Caves
B. Mawsmai Cave
C. Bhimbetka Caves
D. Ajanta Caves
Answer: D. Ajanta Caves
Explanation: Ajanta contains Buddhist chaityas and viharas decorated with outstanding murals and sculptures. Its paintings include Jataka narratives and episodes connected with Buddha’s life and teachings.
Q86. Who commissioned the Konark Sun Temple?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I 2026]
A. Ashoka
B. Chandragupta II
C. Harshavardhana
D. Narasimhadeva I
Answer: D. Narasimhadeva I
Explanation: Eastern Ganga ruler Narasimhadeva I commissioned the thirteenth-century Konark Sun Temple. Conceived as Surya’s gigantic stone chariot, it represents the mature Kalinga architectural tradition.
Q85. The Pallava temples at Mahabalipuram are made mainly from:
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I 2026]
A. Granite
B. Marble
C. Laterite
D. Sandstone alone
Answer: A. Granite
Explanation: Mahabalipuram’s Pallava monuments were largely fashioned from local granite. The site demonstrates cave temples, monolithic rathas and later structural temples, showing successive architectural experiments.
Q84. Which temple represents Surya’s chariot with 24 stone wheels?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I 2026]
A. Mahabodhi Temple
B. Sun Temple, Konark
C. Airavatesvara Temple
D. Virupaksha Temple
Answer: B. Sun Temple, Konark
Explanation: Konark was conceived as a colossal chariot of Surya with twelve pairs of wheels and seven horses. Its elaborate stone carving represents the zenith of Odisha’s Kalinga architecture.
Q83. To which Hindu deity is the Sun Temple at Konark dedicated?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I 2026]
A. Brahma
B. Vishnu
C. Surya
D. Shiva
Answer: C. Surya
Explanation: Konark is dedicated to Surya, the Sun God. Its architectural conception represents Surya riding a monumental chariot drawn by seven horses and mounted upon elaborately carved wheels.
Q82. Consider the following statements:
- The Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh belongs to the Gupta period.
- The Bhitargaon Temple was constructed primarily of dressed stone.
[UPSC CDS 2026]
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A. 1 only
Explanation: Deogarh’s Dashavatara Temple is an important Gupta structural temple. Bhitargaon, however, is famous as one of India’s oldest surviving large brick temples, so statement 2 is incorrect.
Q81. Consider the following statements regarding Pallava architecture:
- Kailasanatha Temple at Kanchi is an early Pallava temple hewn from solid rock.
- Vaikuntha Perumal Temple at Kanchi is a Pallava temple dedicated to Vishnu.
[UPSC NDA 2026]
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B. 2 only
Explanation: Kailasanatha is a structural sandstone temple, not a rock-cut shrine. Vaikuntha Perumal, however, is an important Pallava structural temple dedicated to Vishnu at Kanchipuram.
Q80. Which Mauryan architectural structure is famous for its beautifully sculpted gateways?
[SSC CHSL 2025 Tier-I]
A. Sanchi Stupa
B. Amaravati Temple
C. Ajanta Caves
D. Nalanda University
Answer: A. Sanchi Stupa
Explanation: Sanchi’s four elaborately sculpted toranas contain Buddhist narratives and symbols. Although the original stupa was commissioned under Ashoka, its gateways were added during later phases.
Q79. Meenakshi Amman Temple was originally constructed by ______.
[SSC CHSL 2025 Tier-I]
A. Kulasekhara
B. Karikala Chola
C. Pulakeshin I
D. Narasimhadeva I
Answer: A. Kulasekhara
Explanation: Tradition associates the early temple with Pandyan ruler Kulasekhara. The present monumental complex, especially its spectacular gopurams, owes much to major expansions during the Nayaka period.
Q78. Which period is often called the “Golden Age” of early Indian temple architecture?
[SSC CHSL 2025 Tier-I]
A. Gupta period
B. Maurya period
C. Delhi Sultanate period
D. Mughal period
Answer: A. Gupta period
Explanation: Gupta architecture marks an important transition toward permanent freestanding Hindu temples, with sanctums, mandapas and emerging shikharas that became fundamental to subsequent Indian temple architecture.
Q77. The eighth-century Kailasa Temple at Ellora is located in which state?
[SSC CHSL 2025 Tier-I]
A. Madhya Pradesh
B. Rajasthan
C. Maharashtra
D. Gujarat
Answer: C. Maharashtra
Explanation: Ellora lies in Maharashtra. Its celebrated Kailasa Temple, Cave 16, was created under Rashtrakuta patronage and is among the world’s largest monolithic rock-cut architectural complexes.
Q76. In Hindu temple architecture, the chamber containing the principal deity is called:
[SSC CHSL 2025 Tier-I]
A. Garbhagriha
B. Mandapa
C. Shikhara
D. Vahana
Answer: A. Garbhagriha
Explanation: The garbhagriha, literally “womb chamber,” is the innermost and most sacred part of a Hindu temple. The principal deity is installed there, normally beneath the main tower.
Q75. The Mahabodhi Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located in:
[SSC CHSL 2025 Tier-I]
A. Haryana
B. Bihar
C. Punjab
D. Assam
Answer: B. Bihar
Explanation: The Mahabodhi Temple stands at Bodh Gaya in Bihar, where Buddha attained enlightenment. Its surviving brick architecture represents an exceptionally important development in ancient Buddhist architecture.
Q74. What is a “mandapa” in traditional Indian temple architecture?
[SSC CGL 2025]
A. Gateway tower
B. Boundary wall
C. Pillared hall for worshippers
D. Water tank
Answer: C. Pillared hall for worshippers
Explanation: A mandapa is a pillared hall situated before or around a temple’s sanctum. It provides space for congregational worship, ceremonies and transitional movement toward the garbhagriha.
Q73. Ancient temple architecture in Uttarakhand is primarily influenced by which style?
[SSC CGL 2025]
A. North Indian Nagara
B. Indo-Gothic
C. Vesara
D. Chalukyan
Answer: A. North Indian Nagara
Explanation: Uttarakhand temples largely belong to the northern Nagara tradition, commonly featuring curvilinear shikharas over square sanctums, adapted regionally to Himalayan materials and environmental conditions.
Q72. Consider the following statements about the Shore Temple:
- It exemplifies Dravidian architecture built of carved granite blocks.
- It demonstrates the transition from Pallava rock-cut monuments to structural temples.
[SSC CGL 2025]
A. Both are true and 2 explains 1
B. Both true but 2 does not explain 1
C. 1 true, 2 false
D. Both false
Answer: A. Both are true and 2 explains 1
Explanation: The Shore Temple belongs to the mature structural phase of Pallava architecture. Its granite construction followed earlier Pallava experimentation with cave excavation and monolithic rathas at Mahabalipuram.
Q71. The Kailasa Temple at Ellora was carved from:
[SSC CGL 2025]
A. One single rock
B. Cement blocks
C. Three adjoining rocks
D. A cluster of separate stones
Answer: A. One single rock
Explanation: Kailasa is a monolithic temple excavated downward from a single basalt mass. Removing enormous quantities of rock created a freestanding architectural complex rather than a conventional constructed temple.
Q70. How many horses are represented pulling the monumental chariot of the Konark Sun Temple?
[SSC CGL 2025]
A. 5
B. 6
C. 8
D. 7
Answer: D. 7
Explanation: Konark represents Surya’s celestial chariot with seven horses, conventionally associated with the seven days of the week, and 24 richly carved wheels arranged in twelve pairs.
Q69. What is a prominent architectural feature of the Sun Temple at Modhera?
[SSC CGL 2025]
A. Gopuram
B. Garuda pillar
C. Stepped tank
D. Vimana
Answer: C. Stepped tank
Explanation: Modhera’s Surya Kund is a large geometrically arranged stepped reservoir containing numerous miniature shrines. It forms an integral ceremonial and architectural component of the temple complex.
Q68. In Nagara temple architecture, the projecting central offset of a wall face is known as:
[SSC CGL 2025]
A. Karna Sringa
B. Pratiratha
C. Anuratha
D. Bhadra
Answer: D. Bhadra
Explanation: Bhadra denotes the principal central projection of a temple wall. Such projections create the articulated exterior plans characteristic of increasingly complex Nagara temple architecture.
Q67. Which statement about the early sixth-century Deogarh Temple is correct?
[SSC CGL 2025]
A. It follows a Panchayatana layout and is an early Nagara example
B. It was built by Chandela rulers
C. Its chief deity is Shiva
D. It is entirely rock-cut
Answer: A. It follows a Panchayatana layout and is an early Nagara example
Explanation: Deogarh’s Dashavatara Temple is a Gupta-period Vishnu temple combining a raised platform, Panchayatana arrangement and developing Nagara superstructure, making it important in temple architectural evolution.
Q66. Which architectural element is characteristic of the Nagara style of northern and central India?
[SSC CGL 2025]
A. Vimana
B. Shikhara
C. Barrel-vaulted mandapa
D. Gopuram
Answer: B. Shikhara
Explanation: The curvilinear shikhara rising over the garbhagriha is the most recognisable feature of the Nagara tradition, unlike the progressively tiered vimana characteristic of southern Dravida temples.
Q65. What is the typical form of the simplest Nagara-style shikhara?
[SSC CGL 2025]
A. Circular base with domes
B. Square base with curving walls
C. Triangular base
D. Rectangular base with domes
Answer: B. Square base with curving walls
Explanation: The basic Latina or Rekha-Prasada shikhara rises from a square sanctum and curves inward toward the summit, usually terminating in an amalaka and kalasha.
Q64. The carved wheels of the Konark Sun Temple principally symbolize:
[SSC CGL 2025]
A. Planets
B. Divisions of time
C. Festivals
D. Weapons
Answer: B. Divisions of time
Explanation: Konark’s elaborate wheels carry calendrical and temporal symbolism. The twelve pairs correspond to divisions of the year, while spokes and shadows can also signify divisions of time.
Q63. Consider the following statements about Ellora:
- The site is associated exclusively with Buddhism.
- Kailasa Temple was constructed of dressed stone and kiln-fired bricks.
[UPSC CDS-II 2025]
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both
D. Neither
Answer: D. Neither
Explanation: Ellora contains Buddhist, Hindu and Jain monuments. Kailasa was not assembled from masonry; it was excavated monolithically from the basalt cliff under Rashtrakuta patronage.
Q62. What is notable about carvings at the entrances of the Sanchi Stupa?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I 2025]
A. Mauryan royal portraits
B. Jataka story narratives
C. Only Buddha’s post-enlightenment life
D. Only mythical creatures
Answer: B. Jataka story narratives
Explanation: Sanchi’s toranas are covered with narrative reliefs including Jataka tales, events from Buddha’s life and Buddhist symbols, making them major sources for early Buddhist art.
Q61. Consider the following statements about stupas:
A. “Stupa” refers to something raised by accumulation.
B. The specifically Buddhist custom of erecting stupas as memorials to the dead was pre-Buddhist.
[RPSC RAS Prelims 2025]
A. Only A is true
B. Only B is true
C. Both are true
D. Both are false
Answer: A. Only A is true
Explanation: Stupa denotes a mound or accumulated structure. Earlier burial mounds existed, but the characteristic religious stupa tradition tested here developed particularly through Buddhist relic worship.
Q60. Which Rashtrakuta ruler was associated with the great Shiva temple at Ellora?
[RPSC Assistant Professor History 2024]
A. Krishna II
B. Krishna I
C. Dantidurga
D. Dhruva
Answer: B. Krishna I
Explanation: Krishna I is credited with commissioning Ellora’s Kailasa Temple, a monumental eighth-century monolithic Shiva temple and one of the greatest architectural achievements of the Rashtrakutas.
Q59. Which shikhara style was used prominently during the period of Rana Kumbha?
[RPSC Assistant Professor History 2024]
A. Vesara
B. Dravida
C. Nagara
D. Gothic
Answer: C. Nagara
Explanation: Temple architecture of Mewar and much of northern India followed Nagara traditions, distinguished principally by vertically rising curvilinear shikharas over the sanctum.
Q58. In which state are the Elephanta Caves located?
[SSC MTS 2024]
A. Rajasthan
B. Karnataka
C. Maharashtra
D. Odisha
Answer: C. Maharashtra
Explanation: Elephanta Caves lie on Gharapuri Island in Mumbai Harbour, Maharashtra. Their monumental Shaiva sculptures, particularly the three-faced Maheshmurti, are masterpieces of Indian rock-cut art.
Q57. The Dravidian style of temple architecture is predominantly associated with:
[SSC MTS 2024]
A. Western India
B. Northern India
C. Eastern India
D. Southern India
Answer: D. Southern India
Explanation: Dravida architecture developed predominantly in southern India and typically employs a tiered pyramidal vimana, enclosed temple compounds and, particularly in later periods, monumental gopurams.
Q56. In South Indian temple architecture, the pyramidal tower over the sanctum is called:
[SSC MTS 2024]
A. Vahana
B. Mandapa
C. Vimana
D. Shikhara
Answer: C. Vimana
Explanation: The Dravidian vimana rises in diminishing storeys above the garbhagriha. It contrasts with the curvilinear shikhara commonly associated with the Nagara tradition of northern India.
Q55. The famous Dilwara Jain temples are located at:
[SSC MTS 2024]
A. Mount Abu
B. Ajmer
C. Jaipur
D. Surat
Answer: A. Mount Abu
Explanation: Dilwara at Mount Abu, Rajasthan, contains a celebrated group of Jain marble temples distinguished by extraordinarily intricate ceilings, pillars, domes and sculptural ornamentation.
Q54. Which temple is NOT an example of Nagara architecture?
[SSC MTS 2024]
A. Lingaraja Temple
B. Kailasanatha Temple, Kanchipuram
C. Kandariya Mahadeva Temple
D. Sun Temple, Konark
Answer: B. Kailasanatha Temple, Kanchipuram
Explanation: Kailasanatha at Kanchipuram is a Pallava temple belonging to the southern Dravidian tradition. Lingaraja, Kandariya Mahadeva and Konark represent regional forms of Nagara architecture.
Q53. The Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram was built under which dynasty?
[SSC MTS 2024]
A. Chola
B. Chera
C. Chalukya
D. Pallava
Answer: D. Pallava
Explanation: Narasimhavarman II Rajasimha of the Pallava dynasty commissioned the Shore Temple. It represents the structural stage of Pallava architecture after earlier cave and monolithic experiments.
Q52. The temples of Gangaikondacholapuram were built under which ruler?
[SSC MTS 2024]
A. Vijayalaya
B. Mahendravarman
C. Akbar
D. Rajendra Chola I
Answer: D. Rajendra Chola I
Explanation: Rajendra Chola I established Gangaikondacholapuram as his imperial capital and built its great Shiva temple, continuing and refining the monumental Dravidian architecture pioneered at Thanjavur.
Q51. Ganesh Ratha, a celebrated monolithic shrine, is located at:
[SSC MTS 2024]
A. Mahabalipuram
B. Sarnath
C. Gangaikondacholapuram
D. Kanchipuram
Answer: A. Mahabalipuram
Explanation: Ganesh Ratha is one of Mahabalipuram’s Pallava monolithic monuments, carved from granite and demonstrating the experimentation that helped shape later structural Dravidian temples.
Q50. Mahabalipuram became an important centre of temple architecture under which kingdom?
[SSC CGL 2024]
A. Pallava
B. Chola
C. Chera
D. Chalukya
Answer: A. Pallava
Explanation: Pallava rulers transformed Mahabalipuram into a major architectural centre, producing excavated mandapas, monolithic rathas and structural temples between roughly the seventh and eighth centuries.
Q49. The Sanchi Stupa UNESCO World Heritage Site is located in:
[SSC CHSL 2024]
A. Bihar
B. Punjab
C. Madhya Pradesh
D. Rajasthan
Answer: C. Madhya Pradesh
Explanation: Sanchi lies in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh near Vidisha. Its Buddhist complex preserves stupas, monasteries, temples and exceptionally important sculptured gateways spanning several historical periods.
Q48. The Saptaratha temples at Mahabalipuram were built by the:
[WBPSC Food SI 2023 – Held 2024]
A. Cholas
B. Chalukyas
C. Pallavas
D. Pandyas
Answer: C. Pallavas
Explanation: Mahabalipuram’s ratha tradition developed under Pallava patronage. These monolithic shrines reproduce various architectural forms in stone and were crucial experiments in South Indian temple design.
Q47. Which important early Chola painting was discovered at Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, in 1931?
[UPSC CDS 2024] Testbook
A. Buddha with chauri-bearers
B. Shiva as Yoga-Dakshinamurti
C. Yakshi Kali
D. Parshvanatha under a serpent hood
Answer: B. Shiva as Yoga-Dakshinamurti
Explanation: The Brihadisvara murals include the celebrated Chola representation of Shiva as Yoga-Dakshinamurti. These paintings provide valuable evidence of artistic activity within monumental Chola temple architecture.
Q46. Which temple is an example of Vesara-style architecture?
[CGPSC Preliminary Examination 2024]
A. Hoysaleshwara Temple
B. Kandariya Mahadeva Temple
C. Rama Temple, Ayodhya
D. None
Answer: A. Hoysaleshwara Temple
Explanation: Hoysaleshwara at Halebidu represents the highly ornate Deccan architectural tradition often classified under Vesara, combining southern and northern features with characteristic Hoysala innovations.
2023 Questions
Q45. With reference to ancient India, how many of the following statements regarding stupas are correct?
- The concept of the stupa is exclusively Buddhist in origin.
- Stupas generally functioned as repositories of relics.
- Stupas could be votive or commemorative structures.
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2023]
A. Only one
B. Only two
C. All three
D. None
Answer: B. Only two
Explanation: Relic repositories and votive or commemorative stupas were central to Buddhist architecture. However, funerary mound traditions existed before Buddhism, so the concept was not exclusively Buddhist in origin.
Q44. Dhanyakataka, a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, was located in which region?
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2023]
A. Andhra
B. Gandhara
C. Kalinga
D. Magadha
Answer: A. Andhra
Explanation: Ancient Dhanyakataka, associated with Dharanikota-Amaravati in the lower Krishna region, developed into an important centre of Buddhism and the famous Amaravati artistic and architectural tradition.
Q43. Consider the following pairs:
- Besnagar — Shaivite cave shrine
- Bhaja — Buddhist cave shrine
- Sittanavasal — Jain cave shrine
How many pairs are correctly matched?
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2023]
A. Only one
B. Only two
C. All three
D. None
Answer: B. Only two
Explanation: Bhaja is an important Buddhist rock-cut complex and Sittanavasal is associated with Jainism. Besnagar is especially noted for the Heliodorus pillar rather than a Shaivite cave shrine.
Q42. The Stupa of Bharhut is a fine example of:
[RPSC RAS Prelims 2023]
A. Chola architecture
B. Kushan architecture
C. Gupta architecture
D. Shunga architecture
Answer: D. Shunga architecture
Explanation: Bharhut’s celebrated railings and narrative reliefs were largely developed during the Shunga period. Its art retains an early aniconic Buddhist tradition using symbols to represent Buddha.
Q41. Bhitargaon Brick Temple is a notable example of architecture belonging to the:
[SSC MTS 2023]
A. Mughal period
B. Gupta period
C. Mauryan period
D. Chola period
Answer: B. Gupta period
Explanation: Bhitargaon in Uttar Pradesh is among the finest surviving Gupta brick temples. Its terracotta panels and tall superstructure provide important evidence for early structural Hindu temple development.
Q40. The Bhitargaon Brick Temple is situated in which state?
[SSC MTS 2023]
A. Odisha
B. Jharkhand
C. Uttar Pradesh
D. Madhya Pradesh
Answer: C. Uttar Pradesh
Explanation: Bhitargaon is located near Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh. The fifth-century Gupta temple is particularly significant because substantial portions of its ancient brick superstructure survive.
Q39. “Gopuram” is a characteristic entrance feature of which architectural tradition?
[SSC MTS 2022 – Held 2023]
A. South Indian temple architecture
B. Buddhist architecture
C. Jain architecture
D. North Indian temple architecture
Answer: A. South Indian temple architecture
Explanation: Gopurams are monumental gateways to enclosed South Indian temple complexes. They became increasingly dominant visually in later Dravidian architecture, particularly under Pandya, Vijayanagara and Nayaka patronage.
Q38. The largest monolithic rock-cut temple is associated with which cave complex?
[SSC MTS 2022 – Held 2023]
A. Udayagiri
B. Ajanta
C. Ellora
D. Badami
Answer: C. Ellora
Explanation: Ellora’s Kailasa Temple is an enormous monolithic complex excavated from basalt. It was constructed under Rashtrakuta patronage and represents an extraordinary achievement in subtractive rock-cut architecture.
Q37. Mahabalipuram monuments principally represent the architecture of which dynasty?
[SSC MTS 2022 – Held 2023]
A. Chandella
B. Pallava
C. Pala
D. Gupta
Answer: B. Pallava
Explanation: The Pallavas created Mahabalipuram’s cave temples, monolithic rathas and structural shrines, making the site an important laboratory for the development of early Dravidian architecture.
Q36. Dilwara is renowned as a complex of ______ temples.
[SSC MTS 2022 – Held 2023]
A. Buddhist
B. Hindu
C. Jain
D. Sikh
Answer: C. Jain
Explanation: Dilwara consists of five major Jain temples at Mount Abu. They are famous for exceptionally refined marble carving, ornamental ceilings, pillars and domed interiors.
Q35. Which of the following temples is situated in Tamil Nadu?
[SSC CHSL 2022 – Held 2023]
A. Shore Temple
B. Kailasa Temple, Ellora
C. Virupaksha Temple, Hampi
D. Jagannath Temple
Answer: A. Shore Temple
Explanation: The Shore Temple is located at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu. Built during the Pallava period, it is among the earliest surviving major structural stone temples of southern India.
Q34. The Konark Sun Temple is situated in which state?
[SSC CHSL 2022 – Held 2023]
A. Rajasthan
B. Madhya Pradesh
C. Chhattisgarh
D. Odisha
Answer: D. Odisha
Explanation: Konark lies on Odisha’s coast near Puri. The thirteenth-century temple is a masterpiece of Kalinga architecture and was conceived as the colossal chariot of Surya.
Q33. Lingaraja Temple is situated in which state?
[SSC CHSL 2022 – Held 2023]
A. Odisha
B. Karnataka
C. Maharashtra
D. Tamil Nadu
Answer: A. Odisha
Explanation: Lingaraja Temple is located at Bhubaneswar in Odisha. Its rekha-deul sanctum tower and associated halls represent the mature form of the regional Kalinga-Nagara architectural tradition.
Q32. Which statement correctly describes Nagara temple architecture?
[SSC MTS 2022]
A. It has no tower or shikhara
B. Elaborate boundary walls are compulsory
C. It has no kalasha
D. Garbhagriha is directly beneath the principal tower
Answer: D. Garbhagriha is directly beneath the principal tower
Explanation: In the Nagara tradition, the main shikhara rises directly above the sanctum or garbhagriha, emphasizing the vertical axis between the deity and the temple’s highest point.
Q31. Khajuraho temples are examples of which temple architectural style?
[SSC MTS 2022]
A. Dravida
B. Vesara
C. Nagara
D. Hoysala
Answer: C. Nagara
Explanation: Khajuraho represents a highly developed Central Indian Nagara tradition, featuring soaring clustered shikharas, raised platforms and richly carved exterior walls under Chandela patronage.
Q30. The ribbed stone disc at the summit of a North Indian temple shikhara is called:
[SSC MTS 2022]
A. Kalasha
B. Antarala
C. Amalaka
D. Jagati
Answer: C. Amalaka
Explanation: The amalaka is a large ribbed disc placed near the summit of a Nagara shikhara. Above it usually sits the kalasha, completing the temple’s vertical composition.
Q29. The popular style of temple architecture in northern India is called:
[SSC MTS 2022]
A. Panchayatana
B. Nagara
C. Shikhara
D. Dravida
Answer: B. Nagara
Explanation: Nagara broadly denotes the northern Indian temple tradition. It commonly features a curvilinear shikhara, square sanctum and distinctive regional variants such as Odisha and Central Indian forms.
Q28. An entrance gateway called a “Gopuram” is particularly characteristic of:
[SSC MTS 2022]
A. Buddhist architecture
B. Nagara architecture
C. Dravidian architecture
D. Indo-Islamic architecture
Answer: C. Dravidian architecture
Explanation: Gopurams are monumental gateway towers piercing the enclosure walls of South Indian temples. Their importance increased considerably in later phases of the Dravidian architectural tradition.
Q27. Brihadeshwara Temple at Thanjavur is a major example of Dravidian architecture of which dynasty?
[SSC MTS 2022]
A. Chera
B. Chola
C. Hoysala
D. Pandya
Answer: B. Chola
Explanation: Rajaraja Chola I constructed Brihadeshwara at Thanjavur around 1010 CE. Its enormous pyramidal vimana represents the monumental culmination of early imperial Chola architecture.
Q26. The Khajuraho group of monuments contains temples belonging principally to which religions?
[SSC MTS 2022]
A. Hindu only
B. Jain only
C. Both Hindu and Jain
D. Neither Hindu nor Jain
Answer: C. Both Hindu and Jain
Explanation: Surviving Khajuraho monuments include major Hindu and Jain temples. Their coexistence illustrates religious plurality under the Chandellas while maintaining a broadly shared architectural vocabulary.
Q25. Which of the following is a Buddhist temple in India?
[RRB Group D 2022]
A. Nidhivan Temple
B. Gorakhnath Temple
C. Mahabodhi Temple
D. Vishwanath Temple
Answer: C. Mahabodhi Temple
Explanation: Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya commemorates Buddha’s enlightenment. Its great brick tower is among the most significant surviving examples of ancient Buddhist structural architecture.
Q24. The famous Palitana Jain temple complex is located in which state?
[RRB Group D 2022]
A. Rajasthan
B. Karnataka
C. Gujarat
D. Jharkhand
Answer: C. Gujarat
Explanation: Palitana’s extensive Jain temple complex occupies Shatrunjaya Hill in Gujarat. Hundreds of marble shrines make the sacred hill one of Jainism’s foremost pilgrimage and architectural centres.
Q23. Which symbol at Sanchi represents Buddha’s first sermon at Sarnath?
[RRB NTPC CBT-II 2022]
A. Empty seat
B. Wheel
C. Bodhi tree
D. Elephant
Answer: B. Wheel
Explanation: The Dharmachakra or Wheel of Law symbolises Buddha’s first sermon and the “turning of the wheel of Dharma.” Early Buddhist art frequently represented Buddha through symbols.
Q22. With reference to the Chausath Yogini Temple near Morena, which statements are correct?
- It is circular and associated with the Kachchhapaghata dynasty.
- It is India’s only circular temple.
- It promoted Vaishnavism.
- Popular tradition links its design to India’s Parliament building.
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2021]
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 4
D. 2, 3 and 4
Answer: C. 1 and 4
Explanation: The temple is circular and associated with Kachchhapaghata patronage. Other circular Yogini temples exist, and its cult was Shaiva-Shakta rather than Vaishnava.
Q21. Which statement is correct?
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2021]
A. Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of the Waghora River
B. Sanchi Stupa lies in the Chambal gorge
C. Pandu-lena caves lie in the Narmada gorge
D. Amaravati Stupa lies on the Godavari
Answer: A. Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of the Waghora River
Explanation: Ajanta’s caves were excavated into a horseshoe-shaped cliff overlooking the Waghora River. Sanchi, Nasik’s Pandavleni caves and Amaravati occupy different geographical settings.
Q20. Khajuraho, described as a “City of the Gods,” was referred to in the eleventh century by:
[WBCS Prelims 2021]
A. Ibn Battuta
B. Ibn Sina
C. Abu Rihan Al-Biruni
D. Omar Khayyam
Answer: C. Abu Rihan Al-Biruni
Explanation: Al-Biruni referred to Khajuraho in his accounts of India. The site flourished under Chandela patronage and is renowned for its closely integrated Nagara architecture and sculpture.
Q19. Which Gupta-period temple is situated in Uttar Pradesh?
[UPPSC GIC Lecturer 2021]
A. Temple of Nachna Kuthara
B. Vishnu Temple of Tigawa
C. Shiva Temple of Bhumara
D. Dashavatara Temple of Deogarh
Answer: D. Dashavatara Temple of Deogarh
Explanation: Deogarh’s Dashavatara Temple is situated in present-day Uttar Pradesh and represents an important stage in Gupta structural temple architecture, particularly early Panchayatana and Nagara development.
Q18. Who was principally responsible for building the celebrated Ranakpur Jain Temple?
[RPSC Assistant Professor History 2021]
A. Vimal Vasahi
B. Dharna Shah
C. Vastupal
D. Tejpal
Answer: B. Dharna Shah
Explanation: Jain merchant Dharna Shah initiated the great Adinatha temple at Ranakpur with the support of Rana Kumbha. The complex is celebrated for its numerous intricately carved marble pillars.
Q17. Which statements regarding Ellora architecture are correct?
a. There are 34 rock-cut caves.
b. They represent Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism.
c. Kailasa Temple is Cave 10.
d. The monuments largely belong to Chalukya-Rashtrakuta times.
e. Kailasa was built under Krishna I.
[RPSC Assistant Professor History 2021]
A. a, b, c
B. b, c, d, e
C. a, d, e
D. a, b, d, e
Answer: D. a, b, d, e
Explanation: Ellora contains 34 caves representing three religions. Kailasa is Cave 16, not Cave 10, and its creation is particularly associated with Rashtrakuta king Krishna I.
Q16. Which of the following Buddha-life event and symbol pairs is NOT correctly matched?
[RPSC Assistant Professor History 2021]
A. Birth — Lotus
B. Great Departure — Footprint
C. Enlightenment — Bodhi Tree
D. Mahaparinirvana — Stupa
Answer: B. Great Departure — Footprint
Explanation: The Great Departure is generally represented by the riderless horse Kanthaka. Footprints symbolize Buddha’s presence or movement and are not the standard symbol of Mahabhinishkramana.
Q15. Sanchi Stupa is situated near which city?
[RRB NTPC CBT-I 2021]
A. Bhopal
B. Gwalior
C. Jhansi
D. Agra
Answer: A. Bhopal
Explanation: Sanchi is situated in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh, northeast of Bhopal and close to ancient Vidisha, an important commercial and cultural centre during early historical India.
Q14. Who originally commissioned the Great Stupa at Sanchi?
[RRB NTPC CBT-I 2021]
A. Ashoka
B. Chanakya
C. Bindusara
D. Chandragupta Maurya
Answer: A. Ashoka
Explanation: Emperor Ashoka commissioned the original brick core of Sanchi’s Great Stupa in the third century BCE. Later rulers enlarged it and added stone railings and toranas.
Q13. The Ajanta Caves are located near which city?
[RRB NTPC CBT-I 2021]
A. Nashik
B. Pune
C. Aurangabad
D. Mumbai
Answer: C. Aurangabad
Explanation: Ajanta lies in Maharashtra’s historic Aurangabad region, now within Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar division. Its Buddhist caves occupy a dramatic horseshoe-shaped gorge of the Waghora River.
Q12. Which dynasty built the Pancha Rathas at Mahabalipuram?
[SSC CGL 2020]
A. Chera
B. Chola
C. Pallava
D. Satavahana
Answer: C. Pallava
Explanation: The Pancha Rathas were carved during Pallava rule, particularly around the reign of Narasimhavarman I. Each monolithic shrine experiments with a different architectural form.
Q11. Dharmaraja, Bhima, Arjuna and Nakula-Sahadeva are four of the Pancha Rathas. What is the fifth?
[SSC CGL 2020]
A. Bhishma Ratha
B. Draupadi Ratha
C. Krishna Ratha
D. Karna Ratha
Answer: B. Draupadi Ratha
Explanation: The five monolithic monuments are conventionally named after Draupadi and the five Pandavas, although these names were assigned later and do not identify their original dedications.
Q10. The Khajuraho Temples are located in which state?
[SSC CGL 2019]
A. Andhra Pradesh
B. Uttarakhand
C. Uttar Pradesh
D. Madhya Pradesh
Answer: D. Madhya Pradesh
Explanation: Khajuraho lies in Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh. The surviving Chandela temples form one of India’s most celebrated ensembles of mature Nagara architecture and sculpture.
Q9. Lomas Rishi Cave is located in which state?
[SSC MTS 2019]
A. Jharkhand
B. Bihar
C. Madhya Pradesh
D. Chhattisgarh
Answer: B. Bihar
Explanation: The Lomas Rishi Cave forms part of the Mauryan Barabar cave group in Bihar. Its carved chaitya-arch façade preserves stone imitations of much earlier wooden architectural techniques.
Q8. Which statements about temple architecture are correct?
- Freestanding masonry temples developed significantly during the Gupta period.
- Lad Khan Temple at Aihole belongs to the Early Chalukyan tradition.
- Khajuraho’s major temple compartments are internally and externally integrated.
- Kailasanatha at Kanchi was the earliest freestanding Dravidian temple.
[RPSC RAS Prelims 2018]
A. 1, 3 and 4
B. 1 and 2
C. 1, 2 and 4
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: Gupta architecture encouraged freestanding temples; Lad Khan belongs to the Aihole-Chalukya tradition; and Khajuraho achieved integrated plans. The claim about Kailasanatha being the earliest freestanding Dravidian temple is incorrect.
Q7. The famous Ajanta cave paintings are principally associated with which period?
[West Bengal Police Constable 2018]
A. Gupta period
B. Rashtrakuta period
C. Pala period
D. Maurya period
Answer: A. Gupta period
Explanation: The greatest surviving Ajanta murals belong broadly to the Gupta-Vakataka cultural age of the fifth century CE, though the cave complex contains an earlier phase beginning centuries before.
Q6. Consider the following statements regarding Nagara temple architecture:
- It is commonly found between the Himalayas and Vindhyas.
- Its most striking feature is a pyramidal shikhara.
[UPSC NDA 2017]
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both
D. Neither
Answer: A. 1 only
Explanation: Nagara is the major northern temple tradition, but its characteristic tower is generally curvilinear. The stepped pyramidal vimana is principally associated with the Dravida style.
Q5. The famous Lingaraja Temple of Odisha was principally constructed under which dynasty?
[UPPSC GIC Lecturer History 2017]
A. Ganga
B. Somavamshi
C. Chola
D. Hoysala
Answer: B. Somavamshi
Explanation: Construction of the Lingaraja Temple is principally associated with Somavamshi patronage, with later additions under subsequent rulers. It became a landmark of mature Kalinga temple architecture.
Q4. What is common to the historical sites of Ajanta and Mahabalipuram?
- Both were constructed in the same period.
- Both belong to the same religion.
- Both contain rock-cut monuments.
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2016]
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. None
Answer: B. 3 only
Explanation: Ajanta is principally Buddhist and developed over multiple phases; Mahabalipuram is predominantly Hindu and Pallava-period. Their important common feature is the presence of rock-cut architecture.
Q3. The famous Sanchi Stupa was originally commissioned by:
[RRB NTPC 2016]
A. Bindusara
B. Ashoka
C. Chandragupta Maurya
D. Kanishka
Answer: B. Ashoka
Explanation: Ashoka established Sanchi’s original brick stupa in the third century BCE. The monument was subsequently enlarged and embellished, especially with stone railings and narrative gateways.
Q2. Which of the following was created earliest?
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2015]
A. Lingaraja Temple, Bhubaneswar
B. Rock-cut Elephant at Dhauli
C. Rock-cut monuments at Mahabalipuram
D. Varaha image at Udayagiri
Answer: B. Rock-cut Elephant at Dhauli
Explanation: Dhauli’s rock-cut elephant belongs to the Mauryan-Ashokan age of the third century BCE, considerably predating Gupta Udayagiri, Pallava Mahabalipuram and medieval Lingaraja Temple.
Q1. What is the fundamental architectural difference between a Buddhist Chaitya and a Vihara?
[UPSC CSE Prelims 2013]
A. Chaitya is a place of worship; Vihara is a monastic dwelling
B. Vihara is a place of worship; Chaitya is a royal palace
C. Both are exclusively stupas
D. Chaitya is a residence while Vihara is a gateway
Answer: A. Chaitya is a place of worship; Vihara is a monastic dwelling
Explanation: A chaitya is primarily a congregational prayer hall, generally focused on a stupa, whereas a vihara is a monastery containing residential cells for Buddhist monks around a hall or courtyard.