2025
Q120. Regarding MISHTI, consider:
1. It was initiated in 2019.
2. It aims to restore mangrove forests.
Which statement is correct?
[UPPSC PCS Prelims GS-I (2025)]
(A) 1 only
(B) Both 1 and 2
(C) Neither 1 nor 2
(D) 2 only
Answer: (D) 2 only
Explanation: MISHTI was announced in the Union Budget 2023–24 to support mangrove plantation and rehabilitation. Thus its restoration objective is correct, but the proposed 2019 launch date is incorrect. Mangroves strengthen shoreline resilience and coastal livelihoods.
Q119. Which forests are known as monsoon forests?
[OSSSC CRE Prelims (23 Oct 2025, Shift 1)]
(A) Montane forests
(B) Tropical deciduous forests
(C) Thorn forests
(D) Tropical evergreen forests
Answer: (B) Tropical deciduous forests
Explanation: Tropical deciduous forests follow the monsoon rainfall regime and shed foliage in the dry season. Their distribution extends across much of central India. These forests contain useful timber trees such as sal, teak and shisham.
Q118. Consider:
1. Tropical evergreen forests occur in very wet parts of India.
2. Ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber and cinchona occur in them.
Which statements are correct?
[OSSSC CRE Prelims (11 Oct 2025, Shift 2)]
(A) 1 only
(B) Both 1 and 2
(C) Neither 1 nor 2
(D) 2 only
Answer: (B) Both 1 and 2
Explanation: Evergreen forests are associated with humid, high-rainfall locations including the Western Ghats and the northeastern hills. Ebony and rosewood are characteristic valuable trees. Sustained moisture supports dense vegetation that remains green throughout the year.
Q117. Natural vegetation is classified as which kind of resource?
[BSSC Group D (11 May 2025)]
(A) Biotic
(B) Abiotic
(C) Both biotic and abiotic
(D) Neither
Answer: (A) Biotic
Explanation: Natural vegetation consists of living organisms and is therefore a biotic resource. Abiotic resources include non-living environmental components such as minerals and water. Plant communities also provide oxygen, habitat, biomass and important ecosystem services.
Q116. Forests occurring in areas receiving more than 200 cm annual rainfall are generally which type?
[RPF Constable (10 Mar 2025, Shift 2)]
(A) Montane forests
(B) Mangrove forests
(C) Tropical deciduous forests
(D) Tropical evergreen forests
Answer: (D) Tropical evergreen forests
Explanation: The conventional Indian geography classification associates heavy annual rainfall exceeding 200 centimetres with tropical evergreen forests. Persistent moisture creates dense vegetation and tall, multilayered canopies. Evergreen forests are found in parts of the Western Ghats and Northeast.
Q115. Tropical dry evergreen forests are especially associated with which Indian coast?
[HTET TGT Social Studies (2025)]
(A) Konkan Coast
(B) Coromandel Coast
(C) Malabar Coast
(D) Utkal Coast
Answer: (B) Coromandel Coast
Explanation: Tropical dry evergreen forests are characteristic of parts of the Coromandel Coast in southeastern India. Unlike the wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, they develop under a comparatively seasonal climate influenced by the northeastern monsoon.
Q114. Which Union Territory has tropical evergreen forests?
[OSSSC CRE Prelims (10 Oct 2025, Shift 1)]
(A) Ladakh
(B) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(C) Delhi
(D) Chandigarh
Answer: (B) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Explanation: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands receive abundant tropical rainfall and support evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. This island vegetation contains many species adapted to humid conditions. Ladakh’s cold aridity and Delhi’s semiarid conditions differ sharply.
Q113. Which type of forest commonly occurs in India where rainfall is approximately 100–200 cm?
[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I (10 Jun 2025, Shift 3)]
(A) Tropical thorn forests
(B) Tropical evergreen forests
(C) Alpine forests
(D) Tropical deciduous forests
Answer: (D) Tropical deciduous forests
Explanation: Moist tropical deciduous forests flourish where rainfall is moderate to high but distinctly seasonal, often around 100–200 centimetres annually. Trees may lose leaves temporarily during summer. Tropical evergreen forests usually need greater rainfall and less pronounced dryness.
Q112. What is meant by virgin vegetation?
[OSSSC CRE Prelims (10 Nov 2025, Shift 3)]
(A) Vegetation in botanical gardens
(B) Commercial plantation crops
(C) Organically cultivated crops
(D) Natural vegetation without human interference
Answer: (D) Natural vegetation without human interference
Explanation: Virgin vegetation denotes plant communities developing naturally without human cultivation or significant disturbance. Its species composition reflects local climate, soil and ecological history. Plantation crops and garden plantings are managed vegetation rather than undisturbed native communities.
Q111. Tropical deciduous forests are also called which forests?
[OSSSC CRE Prelims (9 Oct 2025, Shift 3)]
(A) Alpine forests
(B) Coniferous forests
(C) Rainforests
(D) Monsoon forests
Answer: (D) Monsoon forests
Explanation: Tropical deciduous forests are known as monsoon forests because rainfall is concentrated in the monsoon months. Their trees commonly shed leaves during seasonal drought. These forests are widespread across central and peninsular India.
