2026
Q50. Who among the following introduced the system of branding of horses (Dagh) and maintaining descriptive rolls of soldiers (Chehra)?
[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-II – 10 July 2026, Shift 1]
(a) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
(b) Alauddin Khalji
(c) Iltutmish
(d) Balban
Answer: (b) Alauddin Khalji
Explanation: Alauddin introduced Dagh for branding cavalry horses and Chehra for recording soldiers’ physical descriptions. These measures checked fraudulent musters and strengthened direct central control over his standing army.
Q49. Which dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate is known for introducing the Iqta system in India?
[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-II – 10 July 2026, Shift 1]
(a) Tughlaq dynasty
(b) Mamluk dynasty
(c) Sayyid dynasty
(d) Khalji dynasty
Answer: (b) Mamluk dynasty
Explanation: Iltutmish of the Mamluk or Slave dynasty systematized the Iqta arrangement. Revenue-yielding territories were assigned to officials who maintained troops and administered their assigned areas.
Q48. Which measure was introduced by Muhammad bin Tughlaq to address the shortage of silver?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I – 15 June 2026, Shift 2]
(a) Garrison towns
(b) Land revenue reforms
(c) Prohibition of wine
(d) Token currency
Answer: (d) Token currency
Explanation: Muhammad bin Tughlaq issued copper and brass token coins with a value comparable to silver tanka. Counterfeiting became widespread, forcing the Sultan eventually to withdraw the experiment.
Q47. Which Delhi Sultan shifted the capital from Delhi to Deogir, renamed Daulatabad?
[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I – 7 May 2026, Shift 3]
(a) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
(b) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
(c) Firoz Shah Tughlaq
(d) Alauddin Khalji
Answer: (a) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
Explanation: Muhammad bin Tughlaq transferred the capital toward centrally located Daulatabad, partly to improve control over the Deccan. The difficult compulsory migration contributed to the scheme’s reversal.
Q46. What was the Diwan-i-Riyasat under Alauddin Khalji?
[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I – 22 March 2026, Shift 1]
(a) Department of royal correspondence
(b) Department controlling markets and prices
(c) Department of agriculture
(d) Department of religious endowments
Answer: (b) Department controlling markets and prices
Explanation: Diwan-i-Riyasat supervised Alauddin’s regulated markets, merchant registration and fixed-price system. It formed the administrative core of his policy for supplying commodities cheaply to Delhi and the army.
Q45. Which administrative innovation is particularly associated with Alauddin Khalji’s reign?
[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I – 16 March 2026, Shift 1]
(a) Creation of Mansabdari system
(b) Regulation of market prices and rationing
(c) Introduction of the Iqta system
(d) Creation of the Mughal revenue system
Answer: (b) Regulation of market prices and rationing
Explanation: Alauddin established elaborate price controls, market supervision and supply arrangements. Cheap commodities enabled him to maintain a huge cash-paid standing army without enormously increasing military salaries.
Q44. Who were among the writers of Tawarikh during the Delhi Sultanate period?
I. Administrators
II. Poets and courtiers
[SSC MTS 2025 Official Paper – Held 11 February 2026, Shift 3]
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
Answer: (c) Both I and II
Explanation: Persian chronicles called Tawarikh were generally composed by educated urban elites including secretaries, administrators, poets and courtiers, providing important information on Sultanate government, society and political ideology.
Q43. What was the primary objective of Alauddin Khalji’s Market Control regulations?
[SSC CGL 2025 Tier-II – Held 19 January 2026]
(a) Promote unrestricted foreign trade
(b) Replace religious taxation
(c) Keep essential commodity prices low to maintain soldiers on fixed salaries
(d) Encourage textile exports
Answer: (c) Keep essential commodity prices low to maintain soldiers on fixed salaries
Explanation: Alauddin needed a large permanent army against Mongol attacks and for expansion. Controlled prices kept soldiers’ living expenses low, permitting the treasury to maintain them on moderate cash salaries.
Q42. Muhammad bin Tughlaq created the department called Diwan-i-Kohi mainly for:
[Delhi Police Constable Executive – 3 January 2026, Shift 3]
(a) Tax collection
(b) Agriculture
(c) Justice
(d) Foreign affairs
Answer: (b) Agriculture
Explanation: Diwan-i-Amir-Kohi promoted cultivation by developing uncultivated land and providing agricultural assistance and loans. It reflected Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s attempts to strengthen the agrarian revenue base.
Q41. Consider the following statements regarding Balban:
- A separate Diwan-i-Arz was established during his reign.
- He introduced full cash salaries for soldiers.**
[UPPCS RO/ARO Prelims – 2026]
(a) Neither 1 nor 2
(b) 1 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) 2 only
Answer: (b) 1 only
Explanation: Balban reorganized and separated the military department, Diwan-i-Arz. Systematic direct cash payment, along with Dagh and Chehra reforms, is more specifically associated with Alauddin Khalji.
2025
Q40. Which tax was levied on booty or goods captured in war during the Delhi Sultanate period?
[SSC CHSL Tier-I – 15 November 2025, Shift 1]
(a) Kharaj
(b) Jizya
(c) Zakat
(d) Khums
Answer: (d) Khums
Explanation: Khums concerned war booty. Under classical Islamic practice, one-fifth was reserved for the state while the remainder was distributed among participants, though individual Sultans sometimes altered its application.
Q39. Which statement is NOT correct regarding the Iqta system?
- It connected distant territories with the centre.
- It aided law, order and revenue collection.
- It was intended to encourage an independent feudal system.
[MPPSC Assistant Professor History Paper-II – 1 June 2025]
(a) Only 1 and 2
(b) Only 3
(c) Only 1
(d) Only 2 and 3
Answer: (b) Only 3
Explanation: Iqtas enabled administration, revenue realization and troop maintenance. Sultans generally tried to prevent hereditary feudal independence by transferring Muqtis and auditing their income and military obligations.
Q38. Which Sultan used Banjaras for transporting grain to city markets?
[SSC CHSL Tier-I – 30 November 2025, Shift 1]
(a) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
(b) Alauddin Khalji
(c) Sher Shah Suri
(d) Babur
Answer: (b) Alauddin Khalji
Explanation: Banjaras transported grain from rural producing areas into Delhi. Their supply network supported Alauddin’s regulated grain market and helped prevent scarcity from disrupting officially fixed prices.
Q37. Which Sultan of Delhi was particularly known for his “Market Reforms”?
[SSC CHSL Tier-I – 26 November 2025, Shift 1]
(a) Balban
(b) Firoz Shah Tughlaq
(c) Alauddin Khalji
(d) Iltutmish
Answer: (c) Alauddin Khalji
Explanation: Alauddin fixed commodity prices, registered merchants, regulated supplies and maintained intelligence over markets. These controls were closely connected with maintaining an affordable and powerful standing army.
Q36. Which rulers maintained large standing armies in Delhi in connection with the Mongol threat?
I. Alauddin Khalji
II. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
[SSC CHSL Tier-I – 21 November 2025, Shift 1]
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
Answer: (c) Both I and II
Explanation: Alauddin’s army was expanded greatly against Mongol incursions. Muhammad bin Tughlaq also maintained enormous military establishments, combining frontier security requirements with ambitious territorial and foreign plans.
2024
Q35. Who among the following Delhi Sultans paid his soldiers in cash?
[WBCS Preliminary Examination – 2024]
(a) Balban
(b) Alauddin Khalji
(c) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
(d) Iltutmish
Answer: (b) Alauddin Khalji
Explanation: Alauddin developed a centrally recruited standing army and paid soldiers directly in cash. His price-control arrangements helped ensure that these fixed salaries retained adequate purchasing power.
Q34. Which features of the postal system described by Ibn Battuta are correct?
- Foot-post runners carried a ringing bell.
- Horse post was called Uluq.
- Foot-post stations were four kos apart.
- Foot post could be faster than horse post.
[UPSC NDA-I – 2024]
(a) 1, 2 and 4
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4
Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 4
Explanation: Ibn Battuta described efficient relay communications under Muhammad bin Tughlaq. Horse relays were Uluq, while closely spaced foot runners could transmit messages remarkably quickly through continuous relay arrangements.
Q33. Which Sultan established three different markets in Delhi for different categories of commodities to control prices?
[SSC MTS – 4 November 2024, Evening Shift]
(a) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
(b) Iltutmish
(c) Alauddin Khalji
(d) Balban
Answer: (c) Alauddin Khalji
Explanation: Alauddin organized separate regulated markets for grain, cloth and commodities such as horses, cattle and slaves. Officials and intelligence agents monitored prices, weights and merchant activities.
Q32. To promote agriculture, Muhammad bin Tughlaq founded which new department?
[SSC CGL Tier-I – 26 September 2024, Shift 1]
(a) Diwan-i-Amir-i-Kohi
(b) Diwan-i-Risalat
(c) Diwan-i-Arz
(d) Diwan-i-Insha
Answer: (a) Diwan-i-Amir-i-Kohi
Explanation: Diwan-i-Amir-i-Kohi aimed to increase cultivation, reclaim wasteland and assist cultivators through state advances. It represented Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s ambitious intervention in agricultural administration.
2023
Q31. Who headed the Diwan-i-Insha under the Delhi Sultanate?
[SSC CGL – 26 July 2023, Shift 2]
(a) Dabir-i-Khas
(b) Barid-i-Mumalik
(c) Amir-i-Dad
(d) Wakil-i-Dar
Answer: (a) Dabir-i-Khas
Explanation: Diwan-i-Insha handled royal correspondence, drafting farmans and official communications. Its chief, commonly identified as Dabir-i-Khas, supervised the Sultan’s official secretariat and written orders.
Q30. Which Delhi Sultanate system influenced the administrative structures of the Bahmani and Vijayanagara kingdoms?
[SSC CGL – 17 July 2023, Shift 2]
(a) Walis
(b) Chahalgani
(c) Bitikchi
(d) Iqtadari
Answer: (d) Iqtadari
Explanation: The Iqta principle of assigning territorial revenues against administrative or military service influenced later regional systems, though those kingdoms adapted it according to their own political circumstances.
2022
Q29. Which department was responsible for State Correspondence under the Delhi Sultanate?
[SSC CGL Tier-I – 18 April 2022, Shift 3]
(a) Diwan-i-Arz
(b) Diwan-i-Khairat
(c) Diwan-i-Risalat
(d) Diwan-i-Insha
Answer: (d) Diwan-i-Insha
Explanation: Diwan-i-Insha prepared royal correspondence, orders and state communications. The military department was Diwan-i-Arz, while Diwan-i-Wizarat supervised finance and revenue.
Q28. The territorial assignment given to officials and nobles in lieu of service under the Delhi Sultanate was called:
[SSC CPO Tier-I – 11 November 2022, Shift 3]
(a) Usharaf
(b) Iqta
(c) Muhtasib
(d) Nazir
Answer: (b) Iqta
Explanation: An Iqta gave its holder rights to collect assigned revenue rather than ownership of land. Muqtis used revenues for administration and troop maintenance and remitted prescribed surpluses.
Q27. Who described the medieval Indian postal system as consisting of the horse-post “Uluq” and foot-post “Dawa”?
[UPSC NDA-II – 2022]
(a) Al-Biruni
(b) Duarte Barbosa
(c) Ibn Battuta
(d) Seydi Ali Reis
Answer: (c) Ibn Battuta
Explanation: Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta served under Muhammad bin Tughlaq and described the remarkably efficient Sultanate communication network in his Arabic travel account, the Rihla.
2021
Q26. Which Turkish Sultan introduced the Iqta system in India?
[WBCS Prelims – 2021]
(a) Alauddin Khalji
(b) Balban
(c) Iltutmish
(d) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
Answer: (c) Iltutmish
Explanation: Iltutmish institutionalized Iqtas as revenue assignments to officers and military commanders. The arrangement helped administer newly conquered territories while linking provincial revenue resources with military obligations.
Q25. Who introduced the Iqta system in an institutionalized form in the Delhi Sultanate?
[RRB NTPC CBT-I – 8 April 2021, Shift 2]
(a) Balban
(b) Iltutmish
(c) Aram Shah
(d) Qutbuddin Aibak
Answer: (b) Iltutmish
Explanation: Iltutmish systematically divided territories into Iqtas and assigned them to officials. Their temporary, transferable character provided the Sultan with a mechanism for both provincial government and military organization.
Q24. Who established Sarai-i-Adl, a controlled market in Delhi for manufactured and imported goods?
[RRB NTPC – 21 January 2021, Shift 2]
(a) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
(b) Sher Shah Suri
(c) Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
(d) Alauddin Khalji
Answer: (d) Alauddin Khalji
Explanation: Sarai-i-Adl formed part of Alauddin’s market-control machinery. Cloth, manufactured articles and various imported commodities were sold there at prices regulated and supervised by the government.
Q23. Which of the following was NOT a tax imposed under Alauddin Khalji?
[RRB NTPC – 5 March 2021, Shift 1]
(a) Tax on small-scale industries
(b) Tax on cultivation
(c) House tax
(d) Cattle/pasture tax
Answer: (a) Tax on small-scale industries
Explanation: Alauddin’s agrarian fiscal measures included heavy land revenue, Ghari or house tax and Charai or grazing tax. A specific tax on small-scale industries was not part of this scheme.
2019
Q22. Consider the following statements:
- The revenue collector was known as Amil.
- Iqta was an ancient indigenous Indian institution.
- Mir Bakshi originated under Khalji rule.
Which is correct?**
[UPSC CSE Prelims – 2019]
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (a) 1 only
Explanation: Amil was a revenue functionary. Iqta had West Asian origins rather than being an indigenous Indian institution, while Mir Bakshi became a prominent military office under the Mughals.
Q21. Which is NOT a characteristic of the Iqta system?
[UPPCS Prelims – 2019]
(a) Iqta involved revenue collection
(b) Siyasatnama provides information on Iqta
(c) All Iqta revenue was deposited directly into the Sultan’s treasury
(d) Muqti maintained troops from collected revenue
Answer: (c) All Iqta revenue was deposited directly into the Sultan’s treasury
Explanation: Muqtis met administrative and military expenditure from assigned revenues and normally remitted only the surplus. Thus, the entire collection did not automatically go directly to the central treasury.
Q20. In the Delhi Sultanate, the term ‘Muqti’ meant:
[SSC CPO-SI – 11 December 2019, Shift 1]
(a) District judicial official
(b) Village head
(c) Holder of a territorial assignment called Iqta
(d) Panchayat chief
Answer: (c) Holder of an Iqta
Explanation: A Muqti or Iqtadar administered an assigned Iqta, collected revenue, maintained order and supported troops. The office remained subject to supervision and transfer by the Sultan.
2018
Q19. Who created or organized the separate Department of Diwan-i-Arz?
[RAS/RTS Prelims – 2018]
(a) Balban
(b) Iltutmish
(c) Alauddin Khalji
(d) Firuz Tughlaq
Answer: (a) Balban
Explanation: Balban separated and strengthened the military administration through Diwan-i-Arz. The Ariz-i-Mumalik supervised recruitment, inspection and military organization independently of the finance department.
Q18. Who introduced the Market Control Policy during the Delhi Sultanate?
[WBCS Prelims – 2018]
(a) Firoz Shah Tughlaq
(b) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
(c) Alauddin Khalji
(d) Sikandar Lodi
Answer: (c) Alauddin Khalji
Explanation: Alauddin created a rigorous price-regulation system supported by market superintendents, spies, merchant registration and state grain arrangements, primarily to sustain his extensive military establishment economically.
Q17. Who shifted the capital from Delhi to Devagiri and renamed it Daulatabad?
[RRB Group D – 1 October 2018, Shift 1]
(a) Muhammad bin Qasim
(b) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
(c) Alauddin Khalji
(d) Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Answer: (b) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
Explanation: Muhammad bin Tughlaq ordered the transfer to Daulatabad, seeking stronger strategic control over a geographically extensive empire. Logistical difficulties and popular hardship eventually forced him to reverse it.
Q16. Whose administrative achievements are recorded in Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi?
[RRB Group D – 12 December 2018, Shift 1]
(a) Gulbadan Begum
(b) Abul Fazl
(c) Ziauddin Barani
(d) Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Answer: (d) Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Explanation: Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi is associated with Firoz Shah’s account of his actions, public works and policies, making it valuable for understanding the administrative outlook of his reign.
2016
Q15. The Diwan-i-Arz department was associated primarily with:
[60th–62nd BPSC Prelims – 2016]
(a) Royal correspondence
(b) Foreign relations
(c) Defence and military affairs
(d) Finance
Answer: (c) Defence and military affairs
Explanation: Diwan-i-Arz was responsible for military administration. The Ariz-i-Mumalik handled recruitment, inspection and related military matters, although the Sultan himself remained supreme commander.
2015
Q14. Consider Alauddin Khalji’s market policy:
- Markets were supervised by an officer called Shahna.
- Revenue from the Doab helped maintain regular supplies of cheap food grains.
Which is correct?
[UPSC CDS-II – 2015]
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2
Explanation: Shahna-i-Mandi enforced market regulations, while grain collection and state storage helped maintain reliable supplies. Together these measures made Alauddin’s controlled-price economy administratively enforceable.
2014
Q13. Which Sultan introduced major Market Reforms during the Delhi Sultanate?
[MPPSC Prelims – 2014]
(a) Jalaluddin Khalji
(b) Alauddin Khalji
(c) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
(d) Balban
Answer: (b) Alauddin Khalji
Explanation: Alauddin’s reforms fixed prices, regulated merchants, monitored markets through officials and spies, and ensured controlled grain supplies. Their central strategic objective was economical maintenance of his standing army.
Q12. Hadith, relevant to the legal-religious framework of Sultanate administration, refers to:
[Chhattisgarh PCS Prelims – 2014]
(a) Traditions concerning Prophet Muhammad
(b) Land-settlement law
(c) Sultanate tax
(d) Military rank
Answer: (a) Traditions concerning Prophet Muhammad
Explanation: Hadith comprises traditions recording sayings, actions and approvals attributed to Prophet Muhammad. Together with the Quran, it became an important source for Islamic jurisprudence and legal interpretation.
2013
Q11. Match the departments with their functions:
A. Diwan-i-Arz — Military
B. Diwan-i-Risalat — Religious/related affairs
C. Diwan-i-Insha — State correspondence
D. Diwan-i-Wizarat — Finance
[RAS/RTS Prelims – 2013]
(a) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
(b) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(c) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
(d) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
Answer: (d) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
Explanation: Sultanate administration developed specialized central departments: Arz for military affairs, Insha for correspondence, Wizarat for finance and Risalat for religious, diplomatic or petition-related responsibilities.
2010
Q10. Which medieval ruler introduced the Iqta system in the Delhi Sultanate in an organized form?
[UPPCS Prelims – 2010]
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Balban
(c) Alauddin Khalji
(d) None of these
Answer: (a) Iltutmish
Explanation: Iltutmish institutionalized the Iqta system by allocating territorial revenue assignments to officials and commanders, giving the Sultanate an effective framework for provincial administration and military financing.
2008
Q9. Which pair is NOT correctly matched?
[UPPCS Mains – 2008]
(a) Diwan-i-Mustakhraj — Alauddin Khalji
(b) Diwan-i-Amir Kohi — Muhammad bin Tughlaq
(c) Diwan-i-Khairat — Firoz Shah Tughlaq
(d) Diwan-i-Riyasat — Balban
Answer: (d) Diwan-i-Riyasat — Balban
Explanation: Diwan-i-Riyasat was associated with Alauddin Khalji’s market regulations. Mustakhraj recovered revenue arrears, Amir-Kohi promoted agriculture and Khairat administered charitable activities under Firoz Shah.
2004
Q8. Who was regarded as the supreme rural official connected with land revenue during the Sultanate period?
[UPSC CSE Prelims – 2004]
(a) Chaudhary
(b) Rawat
(c) Malik
(d) Patwari
Answer: (a) Chaudhary
Explanation: Chaudharis occupied an important position in rural revenue administration and acted as intermediaries between local cultivating communities and state revenue machinery, particularly at the pargana or locality level.
Q7. The transfer of the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad was ordered by:
[UPPCS Prelims – 2004]
(a) Firoz Tughlaq
(b) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
(c) Mubarak Shah
(d) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
Answer: (d) Muhammad bin Tughlaq
Explanation: Muhammad bin Tughlaq attempted to create a strategically located administrative centre at Daulatabad. The compulsory movement of population caused severe hardship, and the transfer was ultimately reversed.
2002
Q6. Why did historian Ziauddin Barani not regard the Delhi Sultanate as a completely Islamic state?
[UPSC CSE Prelims – 2002]
(a) Majority of the population did not follow Islam
(b) Theologians were always disregarded
(c) Sultans never framed regulations
(d) No taxes were imposed on non-Muslims
Answer: (a) Majority of the population did not follow Islam
Explanation: The Sultanate governed an overwhelmingly non-Muslim population and practical political considerations frequently shaped administration. Sultanate laws also combined Islamic principles with royal regulations and existing Indian practices.
2001
Q5. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
[UPSC CSE Prelims – 2001]
(a) Diwan-i-Bandagan — Tughlaq
(b) Diwan-i-Mustakhraj — Balban
(c) Diwan-i-Kohi — Alauddin Khalji
(d) Diwan-i-Arz — Muhammad Tughlaq
Answer: (a) Diwan-i-Bandagan — Tughlaq
Explanation: Firoz Shah Tughlaq established Diwan-i-Bandagan to supervise his enormous slave establishment. The other departments are associated respectively with Alauddin, Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Balban.
Q4. Which were the two principal currencies of the Delhi Sultanate?
[UPPCS Prelims – 2001]
- Dam
- Jital
- Rupiya
- Tanka
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 2 and 4
Answer: (d) 2 and 4
Explanation: Iltutmish introduced the silver Tanka and copper Jital on a systematic basis. These coins formed the fundamental monetary denominations of the Sultanate economy for a considerable period.
1998
Q3. What did ‘Fawazil’ mean during the Delhi Sultanate?
[UPSC CSE Prelims – 1998]
(a) Extra payment to nobles
(b) Revenue assignment in lieu of salary
(c) Surplus revenue remitted by Iqtadars to the central treasury
(d) Illegal exactions from peasants
Answer: (c) Surplus revenue remitted by Iqtadars to the central treasury
Explanation: After meeting authorized administrative and military expenses, an Iqtadar was expected to transfer excess revenue, called Fawazil, to the Sultan’s treasury, helping maintain central financial supervision.
1997
Q2. ‘Zawabits’ in the administrative vocabulary of the Delhi Sultanate referred to:
[UPPCS Prelims – 1997]
(a) State regulations or royal laws
(b) Mansab regulations
(c) Mint laws only
(d) Agricultural taxes
Answer: (a) State regulations or royal laws
Explanation: Zawabit were secular regulations issued by the Sultan to meet administrative necessities. Alauddin Khalji especially emphasized the ruler’s authority to frame practical state laws alongside religious jurisprudence.
1996
Q1. ‘Sharb’ was a tax imposed on:
[UPPCS Prelims – 1996]
(a) Trade
(b) Irrigation
(c) Non-Muslims
(d) Industries
Answer: (b) Irrigation
Explanation: Firoz Shah Tughlaq imposed an irrigation charge on cultivators benefiting from state canals. His reign saw extensive canal construction intended to expand cultivation and improve agricultural revenues.