General Science GK Questions

Vitamins and Nutrition

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Q170. Why must vitamins A and K be maintained adequately in broiler poultry feed?

[RRB JE CBT-I, 20 Feb 2026, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Greater cold tolerance
  2. (b) Proper nourishment for growth and development
  3. (c) Protection from all parasites
  4. (d) Smaller egg size

Answer: (b) Proper nourishment for growth and development

Explanation: Growing broilers require balanced dietary vitamins as well as energy and protein. Vitamin A supports epithelial health and development, whereas vitamin K is required for normal coagulation, contributing to proper nutrition and healthy growth.

Q169. What food-related concerns were highlighted in the World Food Safety Day 2025 awareness campaign?

[RRB Group D, 5 Feb 2026, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Excess iron and protein
  2. (b) High fibre and calcium
  3. (c) Low vitamin C and zinc
  4. (d) Hidden sugars, fats and oils

Answer: (d) Hidden sugars, fats and oils

Explanation: The public-health awareness campaign emphasised less visible sources of sugar, fat and oil in everyday diets. Excess intake can contribute to unhealthy nutrition patterns, even when such ingredients are not obvious from the appearance of foods.

Q168. Which vitamin group is kept at high levels in chicken feed for appropriate growth?

[RRB Group D, 17 Dec 2025, Shift 2]

  1. (a) Vitamins A, D and E
  2. (b) Vitamins B9 and B12
  3. (c) Vitamins C and K
  4. (d) Vitamins B1, B2 and B3

Answer: (a) Vitamins A, D and E

Explanation: Poultry feed is balanced to support fast growth, immunity and healthy skeletal development. Vitamins A, D and E contribute to epithelial function, calcium balance and antioxidant protection respectively. The question concerns the listed supplement combination.

Q167. Among D, B12, K and C, which listed vitamins are water-soluble?
(1) D
(2) B12
(3) K
(4) C

[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I, 21 Aug 2025, Shift 2]

  1. (a) Only 2 and 3
  2. (b) Only 1 and 2
  3. (c) Only 1, 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 2 and 4

Answer: (d) Only 2 and 4

Explanation: Cobalamin (B12) and ascorbic acid (C) are water-soluble. Vitamins D and K belong to the fat-soluble group. Unlike most water-soluble vitamins, B12 can be stored in appreciable amounts in the liver.

Q166. Which of these are fat-soluble: (1) vitamin A, (2) B6, (3) C, (4) D?

[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I, 18 Aug 2025, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Only 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 1 and 4
  3. (c) Only 1, 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 2 and 3

Answer: (b) Only 1 and 4

Explanation: Vitamins A and D dissolve in dietary fat and can be stored in body tissues. Pyridoxine (B6) and vitamin C are water-soluble instead. This distinction influences absorption, storage and the risk of toxicity.

Q165. Which of the following is classified as a micronutrient?

[RRB NTPC UG CBT-I, 8 Aug 2025, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Fats
  2. (b) Vitamins
  3. (c) Proteins
  4. (d) Carbohydrates

Answer: (b) Vitamins

Explanation: Vitamins are needed in small quantities to regulate essential biochemical processes. Fats, carbohydrates and proteins are macronutrients because they are required in comparatively large amounts and provide energy or building material for tissues.

Q164. Which vitamin, function and deficiency combination is correctly matched?

[SSC Selection Post Higher Secondary, 31 Jul 2025, Shift 2]

  1. (a) A — calcium absorption — scurvy
  2. (b) D — visual pigment — pellagra
  3. (c) B12 — nerve and RBC function — pernicious anaemia
  4. (d) C — blood clotting — night blindness

Answer: (c) B12 — nerve and RBC function — pernicious anaemia

Explanation: Vitamin B12 is needed for DNA synthesis, red-cell maturation and neurological maintenance. Its deficiency can cause megaloblastic anaemia and neurological injury; pernicious anaemia is specifically caused by impaired B12 absorption due to lack of intrinsic factor.

Q163. Which vitamin deficiency commonly causes difficulty seeing in dim light?

[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I, 17 Jun 2025, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin B12
  3. (c) Vitamin D
  4. (d) Vitamin C

Answer: (a) Vitamin A

Explanation: Vitamin A is necessary for retinal photopigments involved in vision at low light levels. Long-standing deficiency can cause night blindness and, when severe, dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea called xerophthalmia.

Q162. A blocked bile duct most directly raises the risk of deficiency of which listed vitamin?

[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I, 12 Jun 2025, Shift 3]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin C
  3. (c) Vitamin B1
  4. (d) Vitamin B12

Answer: (a) Vitamin A

Explanation: Bile helps emulsify dietary fats so the intestine can absorb fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin A belongs to the A, D, E and K group. Obstructed bile flow therefore interferes with its absorption more than with water-soluble options.

Q161. By what other name is vitamin B1 known?

[NDA-I General Ability Test, 13 Apr 2025]

  1. (a) Riboflavin
  2. (b) Thiamin
  3. (c) Retinol
  4. (d) Tocopherol

Answer: (b) Thiamin

Explanation: Thiamin is vitamin B1, a water-soluble nutrient needed in carbohydrate metabolism and normal nerve function. Riboflavin is B2; retinol is vitamin A; tocopherol is vitamin E. Inadequate thiamin can cause beriberi.

Q160. Which vitamin has cobalt as an integral component?

[SSC MTS, 12 Nov 2024, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Vitamin B12
  2. (b) Vitamin A
  3. (c) Vitamin E
  4. (d) Vitamin D

Answer: (a) Vitamin B12

Explanation: Cobalamin contains a central cobalt ion within its corrin-ring structure, making vitamin B12 unusual among vitamins. It is important for DNA formation, nervous-system function and normal red-cell production; other listed vitamins lack cobalt.

Q159. Sunshine stimulates vitamin D production in which part of the body?

[SSC MTS, 11 Nov 2024, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Skin
  2. (b) Mouth
  3. (c) Blood veins
  4. (d) Leg

Answer: (a) Skin

Explanation: Ultraviolet-B radiation converts a sterol precursor in the skin into previtamin D3. Further processing in the liver and kidneys produces active vitamin D, which supports calcium and phosphate balance and bone health.

Q158. Match vitamins A, D, B1 and C with scurvy (a), beriberi (b), rickets (c), night blindness (d).

[SSC MTS, 29 Oct 2024, Shift 1]

  1. (a) i-d, ii-c, iii-a, iv-b
  2. (b) i-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a
  3. (c) i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b
  4. (d) i-d, ii-c, iii-b, iv-a

Answer: (d) i-d, ii-c, iii-b, iv-a

Explanation: Retinol supports dark adaptation, calciferol supports bone mineralisation, thiamin supports energy metabolism and ascorbic acid maintains collagen. The correct sequence is night blindness, rickets, beriberi and scurvy for A, D, B1 and C.

Q157. A shortage of which vitamin can make wounds bleed excessively?

[SSC MTS, 21 Oct 2024, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Vitamin E
  2. (b) Vitamin A
  3. (c) Vitamin B12
  4. (d) Vitamin K

Answer: (d) Vitamin K

Explanation: Vitamin K supports synthesis of several blood-clotting proteins, including prothrombin. Without enough vitamin K, the coagulation cascade is impaired, prolonging bleeding after injury. Vitamin E functions primarily as a lipid-phase antioxidant instead.

Q156. Which listed condition is a mineral-deficiency disease?

[SSC MTS, 7 Oct 2024, Shift 2]

  1. (a) Rickets
  2. (b) Marasmus
  3. (c) Scurvy
  4. (d) Goitre

Answer: (d) Goitre

Explanation: Iodine is a dietary trace element required for thyroid hormone synthesis. Chronic inadequate iodine can enlarge the thyroid gland, producing goitre. The other options primarily involve deficiency of vitamin D, overall protein-energy intake and vitamin C respectively.

Q155. Which disease can result from inadequate vitamin D in humans?

[NDA-II General Ability Test, 1 Sep 2024]

  1. (a) Beriberi
  2. (b) Scurvy
  3. (c) Rickets
  4. (d) Pneumonia

Answer: (c) Rickets

Explanation: Vitamin D promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. Deficiency during childhood leads to poor bone mineralisation and rickets. Beriberi is linked with thiamin deficiency, scurvy with vitamin C deficiency, and pneumonia is an infection.

Q154. Which nutrient is lacking in a person suffering from scurvy?

[DSSSB Jail Warder, 12 Jun 2024, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Vitamin C
  2. (b) Fat
  3. (c) Vitamin B
  4. (d) Protein

Answer: (a) Vitamin C

Explanation: Vitamin C is required to stabilise collagen through hydroxylation reactions. A shortage weakens capillary and connective-tissue structures, explaining bleeding gums, fragile skin and poor wound repair. It is different from protein-energy malnutrition.

Q153. Which disease is most strongly linked to deficiency of vitamin C?

[SSC JE Civil, 7 Jun 2024, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Scurvy
  2. (b) Goitre
  3. (c) Atherosclerosis
  4. (d) Pellagra

Answer: (a) Scurvy

Explanation: Ascorbic acid is needed for collagen synthesis in connective tissues. Severe deficiency causes scurvy, with signs such as gum bleeding, bruising and impaired healing. Iodine deficiency causes many cases of goitre, whereas niacin deficiency causes pellagra.

Q152. Scurvy is caused by the deficiency of which nutrient?

[CGPSC Preliminary GS-I, 11 Feb 2024]

  1. (a) Vitamin B2
  2. (b) Vitamin A
  3. (c) Vitamin C
  4. (d) None of these

Answer: (c) Vitamin C

Explanation: Scurvy develops when the diet supplies too little ascorbic acid. This vitamin is essential for collagen maturation, so a prolonged deficiency weakens connective tissues, causing swollen gums, bruises and slow wound healing. Fresh fruits and vegetables help prevent it.

Q151. Match A, B, C and D with deficiency diseases:
A. vitamin A,
B. vitamin B,
C. vitamin C,
D. vitamin D;

1. beriberi,
2. blindness,
3. rickets,
4. scurvy.

[UPPSC PCS Prelims GS-I, 2024]

  1. (a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
  2. (b) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
  3. (c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
  4. (d) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4

Answer: (a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3

Explanation: Vitamin A deficiency affects night vision, B1 deficiency causes beriberi, vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy and vitamin D deficiency causes childhood rickets. Each condition illustrates a distinct physiological role of its corresponding micronutrient.

Q150. Which mineral helps insulin maintain its hexameric storage and secretion form?

[SSC Stenographer, 12 Oct 2023, Evening]

  1. (a) Zinc
  2. (b) Fluoride
  3. (c) Selenium
  4. (d) Phosphorus

Answer: (a) Zinc

Explanation: Insulin molecules coordinate with zinc ions when forming storage hexamers in pancreatic beta-cell granules. Zinc helps stabilise insulin during packaging and secretion. Fluoride, selenium and phosphorus have other important biological roles but do not serve this particular structural function.

Q149. Sugar belongs mainly to which food component?

[SSC CPO, 5 Oct 2023, Afternoon]

  1. (a) Fats
  2. (b) Vitamins
  3. (c) Carbohydrates
  4. (d) Proteins

Answer: (c) Carbohydrates

Explanation: Sugars are carbohydrates, generally made of small saccharide units. Glucose serves as an important cellular fuel, while sucrose contains glucose and fructose. Fats are lipids, and proteins consist of amino-acid chains.

Q148. Which is a major health benefit of vitamin D?

[SSC CPO, 4 Oct 2023, Afternoon]

  1. (a) Stronger bones and muscles
  2. (b) Lower blood pressure
  3. (c) Higher heartbeat
  4. (d) Rapid growth after adolescence

Answer: (a) Stronger bones and muscles

Explanation: Vitamin D helps maintain calcium and phosphate availability for healthy skeletal mineralisation. It also supports normal muscle performance. A sustained deficiency can produce rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults; other choices are not its principal role.

Q147. Which B vitamin was first identified in early studies of dietary deficiency and supports carbohydrate metabolism?

[SSC CPO, 3 Oct 2023, Afternoon]

  1. (a) Thiamine
  2. (b) Folate
  3. (c) Riboflavin
  4. (d) Biotin

Answer: (a) Thiamine

Explanation: Thiamine is vitamin B1 and contributes to enzyme complexes central to energy metabolism. Discovery of dietary factors preventing beriberi led to its identification. Folate, riboflavin and biotin are different B-complex vitamins with their own coenzyme functions.

Q146. Carbohydrates in the human body are generally used in which form to release energy?

[SSC MTS, 14 Sep 2023, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Glucose
  2. (b) Nucleotides
  3. (c) Dietary fibre
  4. (d) Amino acids

Answer: (a) Glucose

Explanation: Digestion breaks many carbohydrates into absorbable monosaccharides, chiefly glucose. Cells can oxidise glucose to generate ATP, while the liver and muscles may store it as glycogen. Dietary fibre is not generally digested by human enzymes.

Q145. Which nutrient helps prevent neural-tube birth defects affecting a newborn’s brain and spine?

[SSC MTS, 12 Sep 2023, Shift 2]

  1. (a) Vitamin E
  2. (b) Vitamin A
  3. (c) Vitamin C
  4. (d) Folic acid

Answer: (d) Folic acid

Explanation: Folate (vitamin B9) supports DNA synthesis and rapidly dividing fetal tissues. Adequate folic-acid intake around conception greatly reduces neural-tube defect risk. It also helps normal red-cell formation and is especially important during early pregnancy.

Q144. Which mineral abundant in milk, seafood, nuts and grains supports bone health and tissue repair?

[SSC MTS, 5 Sep 2023, Shift 2]

  1. (a) Fluoride
  2. (b) Potassium
  3. (c) Phosphorus
  4. (d) Zinc

Answer: (c) Phosphorus

Explanation: Phosphorus combines with calcium in bone mineral and also occurs in ATP, nucleic acids and cell membranes. Dairy, fish and nuts provide dietary phosphorus. The other choices have distinct contributions to teeth, fluid balance or enzyme function.

Q143. Which vitamin is produced in the body following sunlight exposure?

[SSC CHSL, 8 Aug 2023, Shift 2]

  1. (a) Vitamin B
  2. (b) Vitamin C
  3. (c) Vitamin D
  4. (d) Vitamin A

Answer: (c) Vitamin D

Explanation: Sunlight’s ultraviolet-B component initiates vitamin D3 synthesis in exposed skin. Liver and kidney enzymes subsequently activate it. This process differs from the dietary dependence of vitamins A and C and most B-complex vitamins.

Q142. Which monosaccharide is the repeating building unit of glycogen?

[SSC CHSL, 3 Aug 2023, Shift 2]

  1. (a) Fructose
  2. (b) Glucose
  3. (c) Galactose
  4. (d) Mannose

Answer: (b) Glucose

Explanation: Glycogen is a highly branched polymer composed of glucose units. Liver glycogen helps stabilise blood glucose between meals, while muscle glycogen supplies energy locally during contraction. The other sugars are not its basic repeating monomer.

Q141. What daily cholesterol intake limit appeared in the historical guideline quoted by this SSC paper?

[SSC CGL, 25 Jul 2023, Shift 2]

  1. (a) 400 mg
  2. (b) 600 mg
  3. (c) 500 mg
  4. (d) 300 mg

Answer: (d) 300 mg

Explanation: The examination referred to an older guideline of 300 mg dietary cholesterol per day. More recent guidance often emphasises overall dietary patterns and saturated-fat intake instead of applying this single limit universally. The answer records the figure in the paper.

Q140. What is an important function of vitamins and minerals in the body?

[SSC CGL, 24 Jul 2023, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Proper breathing alone
  2. (b) Proper sweating alone
  3. (c) Proper fat storage alone
  4. (d) Helping metabolic reactions

Answer: (d) Helping metabolic reactions

Explanation: Vitamins often work as coenzymes or regulators, and minerals serve as cofactors or structural components. Together they support many metabolic pathways. They are not generally calorie sources, unlike carbohydrate, fat and protein.

Q139. Kwashiorkor question:
A. says it is caused by lack of fat;
B. says affected children may have long-term stunting.

Which option is correct?

[SSC CGL, 21 Jul 2023, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Only B
  2. (b) Both A and B
  3. (c) Neither A nor B
  4. (d) Only A

Answer: (a) Only B

Explanation: Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition linked especially with protein deficiency and often accompanied by swelling. A is incorrect because fat shortage alone is not its defining cause. Lasting growth impairment can occur, supporting B.

Q138. Match
i. protein-rich food,
ii. fat-rich food,
iii. carbohydrate-rich food and
iv. vitamin C-rich food

with wheat (a),
lemon (b),
egg white (c),
butter/cheese (d).

[SSC CGL, 17 Jul 2023, Shift 1]

  1. (a) i-c, ii-a, iii-b, iv-d
  2. (b) i-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a
  3. (c) i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b
  4. (d) i-d, ii-c, iii-b, iv-a

Answer: (c) i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b

Explanation: Egg white supplies protein; butter and cheese are rich in fat; wheat is carbohydrate-rich; and lemon contributes vitamin C. Distinguishing these common nutrient sources is useful when assessing balanced diets and food composition.

Q137. What is another name for the starch commonly present in cereals, roots and tubers?

[SSC CGL, 17 Jul 2023, Shift 2]

  1. (a) Amylum
  2. (b) Xanthan
  3. (c) Olestra
  4. (d) Saponin

Answer: (a) Amylum

Explanation: Amylum is a traditional name for starch, a plant-storage polysaccharide made of glucose units. Its amylose and amylopectin components differ in branching. Xanthan is a microbial thickener and olestra is a fat substitute.

Q136. Which water-soluble vitamin in liver, dairy, eggs and fish maintains nerve and blood-cell health?

[SSC Selection Post Matric Level, 27 Jun 2023, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Vitamin C
  2. (b) Vitamin B12
  3. (c) Vitamin E
  4. (d) Vitamin A

Answer: (b) Vitamin B12

Explanation: Vitamin B12, called cobalamin, is required for normal red-cell maturation and myelin maintenance. Its major natural dietary sources are animal foods. Despite being water-soluble, B12 is stored in the liver and absorbed through intrinsic-factor-mediated transport.

Q135. Which vitamin helps the body absorb calcium for healthy bones and teeth?

[SSC MTS, 19 Jun 2023, Morning]

  1. (a) Vitamin C
  2. (b) Vitamin D
  3. (c) Vitamin A
  4. (d) Vitamin E

Answer: (b) Vitamin D

Explanation: Vitamin D stimulates intestinal calcium absorption and helps maintain phosphate balance. Both minerals are necessary for bone and tooth mineralisation. Deficiency may result in rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

Q134. Which vitamin is essential for normal blood clotting?

[MPPSC State Services Prelims 2022, held 21 May 2023]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin B
  3. (c) Vitamin K
  4. (d) Vitamin D

Answer: (c) Vitamin K

Explanation: Vitamin K enables activation of several clotting proteins through a carboxylation process. Prothrombin is one of the vitamin-K-dependent factors. Inadequate supply may prolong bleeding, whereas vitamins A and D have different principal functions.

Q133. Which vitamin improves the absorption of dietary iron?

[SSC MTS, 9 May 2023, Evening]

  1. (a) Vitamin B
  2. (b) Vitamin D
  3. (c) Vitamin C
  4. (d) Vitamin K

Answer: (c) Vitamin C

Explanation: Vitamin C increases absorption of non-haem iron by keeping it in a more soluble, reduced form in the intestine. Eating vitamin-C-rich foods with legumes and grains can therefore improve iron availability, particularly in plant-based diets.

Q132. Which vitamin is vital for maintaining healthy eyes and epithelial skin tissues?

[SSC MTS, 2 May 2023, Afternoon]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin D
  3. (c) Vitamin C
  4. (d) Vitamin B1

Answer: (a) Vitamin A

Explanation: Vitamin A supports visual pigments and the normal differentiation of epithelial cells. Deficiency can produce night blindness and xerophthalmia. Dietary retinol comes from animal products, while plants may provide carotenoids that are converted to vitamin A.

Q131. Which one among vitamin C, B2, B4 and D is fat-soluble?

[SSC CHSL, 20 Mar 2023, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Vitamin C
  2. (b) Vitamin B2
  3. (c) Vitamin B4
  4. (d) Vitamin D

Answer: (d) Vitamin D

Explanation: Vitamin D is among the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. Vitamins C and B2 dissolve in water. Dietary fat and normal bile flow help the intestine absorb vitamin D, which supports calcium balance.

Q130. Niacin is another name for which B-complex vitamin?

[SSC CHSL, 15 Mar 2023, Shift 1]

  1. (a) Vitamin B2
  2. (b) Vitamin B1
  3. (c) Vitamin B4
  4. (d) Vitamin B3

Answer: (d) Vitamin B3

Explanation: Niacin is vitamin B3 and includes nicotinic acid and nicotinamide forms. It is needed to form NAD and NADP coenzymes, which support many oxidation-reduction reactions. Severe deficiency leads to pellagra, classically involving dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia.

Q129. Consider the pairs: (I) Vitamin A — papaya, (II) Iron — spinach. Which pair is correct?

[SSC CHSL, 9 Mar 2023, Shift 4]

  1. (a) Both I and II
  2. (b) Neither I nor II
  3. (c) I only
  4. (d) II only

Answer: (a) Both I and II

Explanation: Papaya contains beta-carotene, a provitamin A pigment, while spinach provides non-haem iron. The vitamin A statement concerns dietary precursors rather than substantial preformed retinol in the fruit. Both pairs were accepted by the examination.

Q128. Match proteins, carbohydrates, fats and minerals with myosin (iv), glucose (iii), cholesterol (ii) and calcium/phosphorus (i).

[SSC CGL Tier-II, 7 Mar 2023]

  1. (a) A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-iv
  2. (b) A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
  3. (c) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv
  4. (d) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i

Answer: (d) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i

Explanation: Myosin is a motor protein, glucose a simple carbohydrate, cholesterol a lipid and calcium and phosphorus dietary minerals. The classes have distinct functions, including tissue movement, energy metabolism, membrane structure and bone formation.

Q127. Judge: (I) adolescents have heightened nutritional demands; (II) the age group 10–19 years generally defines adolescence.

[SSC CGL, 2 Dec 2022, Shift 3]

  1. (a) II only
  2. (b) Both I and II
  3. (c) Neither I nor II
  4. (d) I only

Answer: (b) Both I and II

Explanation: Adolescence is commonly defined as ages 10–19 and involves rapid growth and developmental changes. The needs for many nutrients rise relative to body size and growth stage, although exact requirements differ by sex, activity and individual health.

Q126.

Q125. Which vitamin helps the body use calcium for bones and teeth?

[SSC Stenographer, 18 Nov 2022, Shift 2]

  1. (a) Vitamin D
  2. (b) Vitamin A
  3. (c) Vitamin B
  4. (d) Vitamin C

Answer: (a) Vitamin D

Explanation: Vitamin D regulates intestinal calcium absorption and works with parathyroid hormone in mineral homeostasis. Adequate status is crucial for skeletal strength. Vitamins A, B and C support other metabolic functions but cannot substitute for D.

Q124. Nuts, vegetable oils and fish are examples of foods supplying which class of beneficial fats?

[SSC CPO, 11 Nov 2022, Morning]

  1. (a) Omega-3 fatty acids
  2. (b) Carbohydrates
  3. (c) Minerals only
  4. (d) Vitamins only

Answer: (a) Omega-3 fatty acids

Explanation: Omega-3 fatty acids include plant alpha-linolenic acid and marine EPA and DHA. Fatty fish, certain nuts and particular oils contribute these fats, although amounts differ substantially across foods. They are components of cell membranes and signalling pathways.

Q123. Test these pairs:
(I) Iron is used in haemoglobin synthesis.
(II) Sodium is the chief mineral needed for thyroid hormone production.

[SSC CPO, 11 Nov 2022, Afternoon]

  1. (a) Neither I nor II
  2. (b) Only II
  3. (c) Both I and II
  4. (d) Only I

Answer: (d) Only I

Explanation: Iron is integral to the haem component of haemoglobin, enabling oxygen binding. Thyroid hormone synthesis specifically requires iodine, not sodium. Sodium instead plays major roles in fluid balance, nerve impulses and membrane potential.

Q122. Which mineral is involved in cell division, wound repair and carbohydrate metabolism?

[SSC Selection Post Higher Secondary, 3 Aug 2022, Shift 4]

  1. (a) Iron
  2. (b) Zinc
  3. (c) Copper
  4. (d) Calcium

Answer: (b) Zinc

Explanation: Zinc supports the function of numerous enzymes and transcription factors needed for growth, immune response and repair of injured tissues. Zinc deficiency can impair wound healing and growth. It is abundant in meat, legumes and some seeds.

Q121. Which vitamin is generally absent or present only negligibly in eggs?

[SSC Selection Post Higher Secondary, 1 Aug 2022, Shift 3]

  1. (a) Vitamin B
  2. (b) Vitamin A
  3. (c) Vitamin C
  4. (d) Vitamin K

Answer: (c) Vitamin C

Explanation: Eggs provide proteins and several vitamins, including A and B-group vitamins, but they are not a meaningful source of vitamin C. Fresh fruits and vegetables are more suitable dietary sources of ascorbic acid.

Q120. Which essential amino acid cited in the paper participates in proteins such as collagen and elastin?

[SSC Selection Post Graduate Level, 1 Aug 2022, Shift 4]

  1. (a) Leucine
  2. (b) Arginine
  3. (c) Phenylalanine
  4. (d) Threonine

Answer: (d) Threonine

Explanation: Threonine is an essential amino acid used to make structural proteins and other biological molecules. It contributes to normal protein synthesis and tissue integrity. Collagen composition depends on many amino acids, especially glycine and proline.

Q119. Recommended Dietary Allowances are defined as nutrient requirements plus what?

[SSC MTS, 15 Jul 2022, Morning]

  1. (a) Balanced diet minus excess
  2. (b) Margin of safety
  3. (c) Only extra nutrients
  4. (d) Intermittent fasting allowance

Answer: (b) Margin of safety

Explanation: An RDA includes a safety margin to cover the needs of nearly all healthy individuals in a specified life-stage group. It is not simply an average minimum requirement, since biological needs differ among people.

Q118. The disease scurvy results from deficiency of which vitamin?

[MPPSC State Service Prelims 2021, held 19 Jun 2022]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin B12
  3. (c) Vitamin D
  4. (d) Vitamin C

Answer: (d) Vitamin C

Explanation: Lack of vitamin C prevents normal collagen maintenance, leading to weak connective tissues, gum bleeding and poor wound healing. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with rickets, while vitamin A deficiency impairs vision in dim light.

Q117. Which fat-soluble vitamin helps protect cell membranes and supports red-cell integrity?

[SSC CHSL, 10 Jun 2022, Evening]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin C
  3. (c) Vitamin D
  4. (d) Vitamin E

Answer: (d) Vitamin E

Explanation: Vitamin E, particularly alpha-tocopherol, acts as a lipid-soluble antioxidant. It helps protect cell membranes from oxidative damage, including in erythrocytes. Vitamin A supports vision and vitamin D chiefly supports mineral balance.

Q116. What are the body’s tissue-building substances that help repair muscles after exercise?

[SSC CHSL, 3 Jun 2022, Morning]

  1. (a) Carbohydrates
  2. (b) Micronutrients
  3. (c) Fats
  4. (d) Proteins

Answer: (d) Proteins

Explanation: Proteins supply essential amino acids for repair and synthesis of muscle fibres and numerous enzymes. Carbohydrates primarily replenish glycogen, while fats provide energy and membrane components. Adequate intake and activity together support adaptation.

Q115. Which class of biomolecules acts as enzymes to drive most metabolic reactions?

[SSC CHSL, 31 May 2022, Morning]

  1. (a) Proteins
  2. (b) Carbohydrates
  3. (c) Lipids
  4. (d) Salts

Answer: (a) Proteins

Explanation: Most enzymes are proteins that lower activation energy, helping biochemical reactions proceed efficiently. Carbohydrates and lipids mainly serve energy and structural roles. Some catalytic RNA molecules exist, but the standard textbook answer is proteins.

Q114. Match vitamin A, B, C and D with carrot/mango/papaya (a), whole-grain bread/nuts (b), citrus/peppers (c), egg yolk/soy products (d).

[SSC CHSL, 30 May 2022, Evening]

  1. (a) i-b, ii-a, iii-c, iv-d
  2. (b) i-c, ii-b, iii-d, iv-a
  3. (c) i-b, ii-c, iii-a, iv-d
  4. (d) i-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d

Answer: (d) i-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d

Explanation: Carotenoid-rich fruit and vegetables contribute provitamin A; whole grains support several B-vitamin intakes; citrus and peppers provide vitamin C; egg yolk is one dietary vitamin D source. Nutrient bioavailability varies by preparation.

Q113. Which nondigestible carbohydrate helps intestinal waste removal without providing much energy?

[SSC CHSL, 27 May 2022, Morning]

  1. (a) Fibre
  2. (b) Starch
  3. (c) Sugar
  4. (d) Glycogen

Answer: (a) Fibre

Explanation: Dietary fibre resists digestion by human small-intestinal enzymes. It adds bulk to stool and supports intestinal transit; some types are fermented by colonic bacteria. Starch and simple sugars can provide digestible energy.

Q112. Complete the analogy: Glucose : Carbohydrates :: Soyabean : ?

[WBCS Mains 2021, Paper VI, held May 2022]

  1. (a) Proteins
  2. (b) Vitamins
  3. (c) Minerals
  4. (d) Fibre

Answer: (a) Proteins

Explanation: Glucose is a simple carbohydrate, while soybean is widely valued for its high protein content. Soybean also contains oil and other nutrients, but proteins make the intended analogy. It is a major plant-based protein source.

Q111. Approximately how much magnesium is present in a typical adult human body?

[SSC CGL, 13 Apr 2022, Evening]

  1. (a) 20 g
  2. (b) 10 g
  3. (c) 15 g
  4. (d) 25 g

Answer: (d) 25 g

Explanation: The examination used approximately 25 grams of magnesium for a typical adult. Much is associated with bone, while the rest supports intracellular enzymes, ATP-dependent reactions, muscle function and nerve transmission. Body content varies with size and composition.

Q110. What is the first nutrient-rich secretion of the mammary glands after childbirth?

[SSC CGL, 12 Apr 2022, Evening]

  1. (a) Sebum
  2. (b) Synovia
  3. (c) Colostrum
  4. (d) Cerumen

Answer: (c) Colostrum

Explanation: Colostrum is the early milk produced after delivery. It contains concentrated immune factors, including secretory antibodies, and nutrients that benefit newborns. Sebum is a skin secretion, synovia lubricates joints, and cerumen is earwax.

Q109. Deficiency of which vitamin causes rickets in children?

[CDS-I General Knowledge, 10 Apr 2022]

  1. (a) Vitamin C
  2. (b) Vitamin D
  3. (c) Vitamin A
  4. (d) Vitamin B

Answer: (b) Vitamin D

Explanation: Vitamin D supports calcium and phosphate absorption and adequate bone mineralisation. A sustained shortage during skeletal growth can cause rickets, with bowed legs and soft bones. Vitamin C deficiency instead causes scurvy.

Q108. Which vitamin is identified in this exam as being produced by intestinal bacteria?

[NDA-II General Ability Test, 14 Nov 2021]

  1. (a) Vitamin E
  2. (b) Vitamin C
  3. (c) Vitamin B12
  4. (d) Vitamin A

Answer: (c) Vitamin B12

Explanation: Some intestinal microorganisms make cobalamin, a bacterial biosynthetic product. However, B12 produced in the human colon is generally not absorbed in nutritionally useful amounts because absorption occurs mainly upstream in the ileum.

Q107. Which named vitamin is crucial for normal vision?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims GS-I, 24 Oct 2021]

  1. (a) Folic acid
  2. (b) Riboflavin
  3. (c) Niacin
  4. (d) Retinol

Answer: (d) Retinol

Explanation: Retinol and related retinoids are forms of vitamin A. Retinal is necessary for forming rhodopsin in rod photoreceptors, enabling vision in low light. Deficiency can cause night blindness and ocular-surface abnormalities.

Q106. Assertion: the human body makes all vitamins;
Reason: vitamins are essential for normal growth.

Which is right?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims GS-I, 24 Oct 2021]

  1. (a) Both true, R explains A
  2. (b) Both true, R does not explain A
  3. (c) A true, R false
  4. (d) A false, R true

Answer: (d) A false, R true

Explanation: Humans cannot synthesise every essential vitamin adequately, making the assertion false. Vitamins are indispensable for growth and metabolic maintenance, making the reason true. Some exceptions include skin production of vitamin D after ultraviolet exposure.

Q105. Which vitamin and dietary source pairing is incorrectly matched?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims GS-I, 24 Oct 2021]

  1. (a) Vitamin A — orange
  2. (b) Vitamin C — lemon
  3. (c) Vitamin D — cod-liver oil
  4. (d) Vitamin B6 — rice bran

Answer: (a) Vitamin A — orange

Explanation: Oranges are particularly associated with vitamin C, whereas carotenoid-rich carrots, mangoes and some leafy vegetables are better-known provitamin A sources. Lemon, cod-liver oil and rice bran correspond to the other listed nutrient associations.

Q104. Starch and table sugar are both examples of which broad nutrient category?

[SSC MTS, 6 Oct 2021, Morning]

  1. (a) Protein
  2. (b) Fat
  3. (c) Vitamins
  4. (d) Carbohydrates

Answer: (d) Carbohydrates

Explanation: Starch is a polysaccharide, whereas sucrose is a disaccharide. Both belong to the carbohydrate family and can be digested to absorbable sugars for energy. Dietary fibre is another carbohydrate category, though mostly resistant to human digestion.

Q103. Which foods are major vitamin and mineral sources in a vegetarian diet?

[NDA-I General Ability Test, 18 Apr 2021]

  1. (a) Black gram and wheat
  2. (b) Rice and mustard
  3. (c) Vegetables and fruits
  4. (d) Soyabean and milk

Answer: (c) Vegetables and fruits

Explanation: Fruits and vegetables supply many vitamins, minerals, plant pigments and dietary fibre. Their exact contributions differ: citrus fruit supplies vitamin C, leafy vegetables folate, and coloured vegetables carotenoids. Diverse food groups remain necessary for balance.

Q102. Which food among banana, pulses, egg and fish is regarded as the best source of all essential amino acids in the item?

[UPPSC RO/ARO Prelims, 2021]

  1. (a) Banana
  2. (b) Pulses
  3. (c) Egg
  4. (d) Fish

Answer: (c) Egg

Explanation: Egg protein is commonly used as a high-quality reference because its amino-acid profile is complete and highly digestible. Fish is also a complete protein, but this question ranks egg highest on the conventional biological-value comparison.

Q101. Which offered pair consists entirely of fat-soluble vitamins?

[RAS/RTS Prelims, 2021]

  1. (a) C and E
  2. (b) A and C
  3. (c) A and D
  4. (d) B12 and D

Answer: (c) A and D

Explanation: The four fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K. Vitamins B12 and C are water-soluble. These groups differ in absorption and storage, with dietary fat supporting absorption of A and D.

Q100. Identify the incorrect statement about vitamins.

[UPPSC BEO, paper listed 2019, held 16 Aug 2020]

  1. (a) Some are produced by gut microbes
  2. (b) Some can act like hormones
  3. (c) Some can be stored in body
  4. (d) Vitamin K dissolves in water

Answer: (d) Vitamin K dissolves in water

Explanation: Vitamin K is fat-soluble, not water-soluble. Vitamins A, D and E also belong to the fat-soluble group, whereas most B vitamins and vitamin C dissolve in water. Some microbial synthesis occurs in the intestine.

Q99. Which vitamin chiefly supports coagulation of blood in humans?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2020]

  1. (a) Vitamin K
  2. (b) Vitamin E
  3. (c) Vitamin A
  4. (d) Vitamin C

Answer: (a) Vitamin K

Explanation: Vitamin K is needed for the activation of several clotting factors produced in the liver. Without it, clot formation may be delayed and bleeding prolonged. Dietary green leafy vegetables supply vitamin K1.

Q98. Which vitamin is effective in the process of blood clotting?

[66th BPSC Prelims, 2020]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin B
  3. (c) Vitamin D
  4. (d) Vitamin K
  5. (e) None of these or more than one

Answer: (d) Vitamin K

Explanation: Vitamin K has an antihaemorrhagic function because it is required to activate clotting proteins. Deficiency, which can occur with fat malabsorption, may produce excessive bleeding. It is a fat-soluble nutrient.

Q97. Legumes are nutritious especially because they provide a high amount of which macronutrient?

[66th BPSC Prelims, 2020]

  1. (a) Fat
  2. (b) Protein
  3. (c) Oil
  4. (d) Starch
  5. (e) None of these or more than one

Answer: (b) Protein

Explanation: Pulses and legumes supply substantial plant protein as well as fibre, minerals and folate. Combining legumes with cereals can improve dietary amino-acid balance. Their protein density makes them valuable in many vegetarian diets.

Q96. Milk is comparatively poor in which of the following nutrients?

[66th BPSC Prelims, 2020]

  1. (a) Calcium
  2. (b) Protein
  3. (c) Vitamin C
  4. (d) Carbohydrate
  5. (e) None of these or more than one

Answer: (c) Vitamin C

Explanation: Milk provides calcium, casein and whey proteins, lactose and several vitamins, but it generally contains little vitamin C. Fresh fruits and vegetables are much better sources of ascorbic acid and help prevent scurvy.

Q95. Which rich-source match is incorrect?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2019]

  1. (a) Vitamin B1 — rice bran
  2. (b) Vitamin B2 — cod-liver oil
  3. (c) Vitamin E — wheat-germ oil
  4. (d) Vitamin K — alfalfa

Answer: (b) Vitamin B2 — cod-liver oil

Explanation: Cod-liver oil is principally associated with vitamins A and D, not riboflavin. Vitamin B2 occurs in foods such as milk, eggs and leafy vegetables. Wheat-germ oil contains vitamin E and rice bran provides B vitamins.

Q94. Assertion: most vitamins cannot be made in the human body.
Reason: human organs synthesise only essential micronutrients.

Which option applies?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2019]

  1. (a) Both true, reason explains
  2. (b) Both true, reason does not explain
  3. (c) Assertion true, reason false
  4. (d) Assertion false, reason true

Answer: (c) Assertion true, reason false

Explanation: Most vitamins require a dietary source, though limited endogenous production exists. The reason is not a scientifically correct account of micronutrient synthesis, so the assertion is accepted while its proposed explanation fails.

Q93. Breast milk is almost a complete diet for newborns, but which mineral is present in relatively limited quantity?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2019]

  1. (a) Iron
  2. (b) Calcium
  3. (c) Magnesium
  4. (d) Potassium

Answer: (a) Iron

Explanation: Human milk supplies highly bioavailable nutrients and immune factors but has a relatively low iron concentration. Healthy term infants use prenatal iron stores for their early needs, making age-appropriate feeding guidance important later.

Q92. Among orange, apple, carrot and amla, which food is rich in vitamin C?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2018]

  1. (a) Orange
  2. (b) Apple
  3. (c) Carrot
  4. (d) Amla

Answer: (d) Amla

Explanation: Indian gooseberry, or amla, is particularly rich in ascorbic acid. Orange also supplies vitamin C, but amla contains more per comparable portion in common nutrient tables. Vitamin C is needed for collagen formation and iron absorption.

Q91. A triglyceride is classified under which class of nutrients?

[64th BPSC Prelims, 2018]

  1. (a) Protein
  2. (b) Carbohydrate
  3. (c) Fat
  4. (d) Mineral
  5. (e) None of these or more than one

Answer: (c) Fat

Explanation: A triglyceride consists of a glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acids. It is the main storage form of fat in human adipose tissue and delivers roughly nine kilocalories per gram when metabolised.

Q90. Which disease can result from vitamin D deficiency?

[WBCS Prelims, 2018]

  1. (a) Night blindness
  2. (b) Rickets
  3. (c) Scurvy
  4. (d) Hair fall

Answer: (b) Rickets

Explanation: Rickets occurs when growing bones fail to mineralise properly, often because of vitamin D deficiency. This vitamin helps absorb calcium and phosphorus. Night blindness is linked more strongly to vitamin A deficiency.

Q89. Which of these is not a vitamin?

[UPPSC PCS Mains, 2017]

  1. (a) Niacin
  2. (b) Thyroxine
  3. (c) Riboflavin
  4. (d) Pyridoxine

Answer: (b) Thyroxine

Explanation: Thyroxine is an iodine-containing hormone produced by the thyroid gland, not a vitamin. Niacin, riboflavin and pyridoxine correspond to vitamins B3, B2 and B6, respectively, all important in metabolic reactions.

Q88. Assertion: Vitamin B12 can remain stored in the liver for several years.
Reason: B12 is water-soluble.

Choose correctly.

[UPPSC PCS Mains, 2017]

  1. (a) Both correct and R explains A
  2. (b) Both correct but R does not explain A
  3. (c) A correct and R false
  4. (d) A false and R correct

Answer: (b) Both correct but R does not explain A

Explanation: Both statements can be true: vitamin B12 is water-soluble, yet the liver maintains unusually large stores. Solubility alone does not explain long-term retention, which depends on specialised transport and recycling of cobalamin.

Q87. Which vitamin-deficiency pairing is incorrect?

[UPPSC RO/ARO Prelims, 2017]

  1. (a) Vitamin D — rickets
  2. (b) Vitamin C — bleeding gums
  3. (c) Vitamin A — rheumatism
  4. (d) Vitamin B1 — beriberi

Answer: (c) Vitamin A — rheumatism

Explanation: Vitamin A shortage chiefly affects visual pigments and epithelial integrity and can produce night blindness. Rheumatism is not its characteristic deficiency condition. The other pairs correctly connect vitamins with familiar clinical consequences.

Q86. Which cereal among wheat, barley, rice and maize is typically high in carbohydrate proportion?

[63rd BPSC Prelims, 2017]

  1. (a) Wheat
  2. (b) Barley
  3. (c) Rice
  4. (d) Maize
  5. (e) None of these or more than one

Answer: (c) Rice

Explanation: Rice is predominantly starch, making it an important carbohydrate energy source. Although all the listed cereals provide carbohydrates, the exam identifies rice as the richest among the given choices under its comparison.

Q85. Which vitamin is synthesised in human skin with the help of sunlight?

[UPPSC RO/ARO Mains, 2017]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin D
  3. (c) Vitamin K
  4. (d) Vitamin E

Answer: (b) Vitamin D

Explanation: Ultraviolet light transforms a cholesterol derivative in the skin into a vitamin D precursor. The liver and kidneys then complete activation. This nutrient supports bone development by regulating calcium and phosphate handling.

Q84. Which role pairing is incorrect:
B12—anti-anaemic,
C—antiscorbutic,
D—anti-sterility,
K—antihaemorrhagic?

[UPPSC Civil Service Prelims, 2017]

  1. (a) B12—anti-anaemic
  2. (b) C—antiscorbutic
  3. (c) D—anti-sterility
  4. (d) K—antihaemorrhagic

Answer: (c) D—anti-sterility

Explanation: Vitamin D primarily regulates calcium-phosphate homeostasis and helps prevent rickets. Anti-sterility was a historical designation for vitamin E, while vitamin C is antiscorbutic and vitamin K supports normal clotting.

Q83. Which oil is an especially important source of vitamin E?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2016]

  1. (a) Palm oil
  2. (b) Coconut oil
  3. (c) Wheat-germ oil
  4. (d) Mustard oil

Answer: (c) Wheat-germ oil

Explanation: Wheat-germ oil is rich in tocopherols, the family of compounds known as vitamin E. These compounds act as lipid-phase antioxidants and help protect membranes against oxidative stress. The other oils have differing vitamin profiles.

Q82. Which metal is located within the vitamin B12 molecule?

[UPPSC PCS Mains, 2016]

  1. (a) Cobalt
  2. (b) Iron
  3. (c) Zinc
  4. (d) Magnesium

Answer: (a) Cobalt

Explanation: Vitamin B12 is called cobalamin because a cobalt atom is integral to its complex molecular structure. It assists in red-cell maturation and normal nerve function. Iron instead forms part of haem in haemoglobin.

Q81. Which listed food is richest in alpha-linolenic acid, a plant omega-3 fat?

[RAS/RTS Prelims, 2016]

  1. (a) Moth bean
  2. (b) Oats
  3. (c) Mung bean
  4. (d) Flaxseed

Answer: (d) Flaxseed

Explanation: Flaxseed is especially rich in alpha-linolenic acid, an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. The human body cannot synthesise this fatty acid, so diet must provide it through seeds, nuts and certain oils.

Q80. What is vitamin D2 called?

[60th–62nd BPSC Prelims, 2016]

  1. (a) Ergocalciferol
  2. (b) Cholecalciferol
  3. (c) Cobalamin
  4. (d) Pyridoxine
  5. (e) None of these or more than one

Answer: (a) Ergocalciferol

Explanation: Ergocalciferol is vitamin D2, while cholecalciferol is D3. Both can contribute to vitamin D status after metabolic activation. Cobalamin is B12 and pyridoxine is B6, neither of which is a vitamin D form.

Q79. In which organ does the body store much of its vitamin A?

[60th–62nd BPSC Prelims, 2016]

  1. (a) Liver
  2. (b) Skin
  3. (c) Lung
  4. (d) Kidney
  5. (e) None of these or more than one

Answer: (a) Liver

Explanation: The liver is the body’s principal storage site for vitamin A, especially in hepatic stellate cells. This reserve helps maintain adequate retinoid supply for vision, immunity and epithelial differentiation when intake varies.

Q78. Match vitamin K, D, E and C to Leafy green plants (4), cod-liver oil (3), wheat-germ oil (1), lemon (2).

[UPPSC RO/ARO Prelims re-examination, 2016]

  1. (a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
  2. (b) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
  3. (c) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
  4. (d) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

Answer: (d) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

Explanation: Leafy green plants supply vitamin K, cod-liver oil contains vitamin D, wheat-germ oil is rich in vitamin E and lemon supplies vitamin C. The matching requires associating each vitamin with a characteristic dietary source.

Q77. Which vitamin-disease pairing is incorrect?

[UPPSC RO/ARO Prelims, 2016]

  1. (a) Vitamin A — night blindness
  2. (b) Vitamin B3 — pellagra
  3. (c) Vitamin D — colour blindness
  4. (d) Folic acid — anaemia

Answer: (c) Vitamin D — colour blindness

Explanation: Colour blindness most commonly reflects inherited abnormalities of cone photopigments, not vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets or osteomalacia. The remaining pairings describe established nutritional disorders.

Q76. Which of the following does not commonly denature proteins under the question’s classification?

[UPPSC PCS Mains, 2016]

  1. (a) Heat
  2. (b) Infrared rays
  3. (c) X-rays
  4. (d) Heavy-metal salts

Answer: (b) Infrared rays

Explanation: Heat, some radiation exposure and heavy-metal ions can disrupt protein structure. The examination singles out infrared radiation under ordinary conditions. Denaturation depends on exposure intensity, duration and the protein involved.

Q75. Which vitamin-containing nutrient is a source of cobalt?

[UPPSC RO/ARO Mains, 2016]

  1. (a) Vitamin K
  2. (b) Vitamin B12
  3. (c) Vitamin B9
  4. (d) Vitamin B2

Answer: (b) Vitamin B12

Explanation: Cobalamin’s structure contains cobalt, which explains its name. This vitamin helps maintain normal DNA synthesis and myelin function. Folate (B9) and riboflavin (B2) do not contain cobalt atoms in their vitamin structures.

Q74. Which vitamin can be synthesised by human skin?

[NDA, 16 Dec 2015, General Ability Test]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin B
  3. (c) Vitamin C
  4. (d) Vitamin D

Answer: (d) Vitamin D

Explanation: UVB radiation initiates vitamin D3 formation from a skin sterol. Subsequent modification by the liver and kidneys produces its hormonally active form. This synthesis explains why vitamin D status depends partly on sunlight exposure.

Q73. Beta-carotene is a dietary precursor of which vitamin?

[NDA, 19 Apr 2015, General Ability Test]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin C
  3. (c) Vitamin D
  4. (d) Vitamin K

Answer: (a) Vitamin A

Explanation: Beta-carotene is a provitamin A carotenoid that can be cleaved into retinal and converted to other vitamin A forms. Coloured vegetables supply carotenoids, which support vision and epithelial health after conversion in the body.

Q72. Match vitamin C, folic acid, vitamin A and B1 with scurvy (4), anaemia (3), night blindness (1), beriberi (2).

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2015]

  1. (a) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
  2. (b) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
  3. (c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
  4. (d) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3

Answer: (a) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

Explanation: Vitamin C supports collagen, folate supports red-cell formation, vitamin A supports low-light vision and thiamine supports metabolism of energy nutrients. Deficiencies therefore correspond to scurvy, anaemia, night blindness and beriberi.

Q71. What is the common vitamin name of cholecalciferol?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2015]

  1. (a) Bone calcium
  2. (b) Vitamin D
  3. (c) Vitamin B
  4. (d) Vitamin C

Answer: (b) Vitamin D

Explanation: Cholecalciferol is vitamin D3, produced in skin with ultraviolet light and present in some animal foods. Once activated, it regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism. Calciferol is a general term used for vitamin D forms.

Q70. Which fruit among the options is recognised as rich in provitamin A?

[UPPSC Lower Subordinate Prelims, 2015]

  1. (a) Apple
  2. (b) Papaya
  3. (c) Guava
  4. (d) Mango

Answer: (d) Mango

Explanation: Mango supplies beta-carotene and other pigments that the body can convert into vitamin A. Papaya also supplies carotenoids, so nutritional content varies with serving size and cultivar; the exam intended mango.

Q69. How many dietary calories does plain water supply?

[UPPSC Re-examination Prelims, 2015]

  1. (a) Zero
  2. (b) 15
  3. (c) 25
  4. (d) 50

Answer: (a) Zero

Explanation: Plain water contains no digestible carbohydrate, fat, protein or alcohol, so it contributes no food energy. It remains indispensable for hydration, circulation, temperature control and many biochemical reactions despite providing zero kilocalories.

Q68. Why can basmati rice grains elongate on cooking?

[UPPSC Re-examination Prelims, 2015]

  1. (a) Higher lysine
  2. (b) Higher amylose
  3. (c) Higher simple sugar
  4. (d) Higher oil

Answer: (b) Higher amylose

Explanation: Basmati rice has characteristic starch composition and grain architecture that favour elongation and separate cooked grains. Amylose contributes to a relatively firm, less sticky texture compared with amylopectin-rich varieties.

Q67. Which substance is not retained as a dedicated reserve in the body?

[UPPSC PCS Mains, 2015]

  1. (a) Glycogen
  2. (b) Free amino acids
  3. (c) Fat
  4. (d) Tocopherol

Answer: (b) Free amino acids

Explanation: The body stores glycogen in liver and muscle and triglycerides in adipose tissue. Vitamin E can accumulate in fat stores. It maintains only a limited circulating amino-acid pool rather than a specialised long-term amino-acid depot.

Q66. Which compounds were historically called accessory dietary factors?

[UPPSC RO/ARO Prelims, 2014]

  1. (a) Fats
  2. (b) Hormones
  3. (c) Proteins
  4. (d) Vitamins

Answer: (d) Vitamins

Explanation: Early nutrition experiments showed that tiny amounts of compounds beyond proteins, fats and carbohydrates were necessary for health. These accessory food factors became known as vitamins, essential organic micronutrients supporting metabolism and development.

Q65. Which among iron, zinc, sulphur and manganese is not classified as a plant micronutrient?

[UPPSC RO/ARO Mains, 2014]

  1. (a) Iron
  2. (b) Zinc
  3. (c) Sulphur
  4. (d) Manganese

Answer: (c) Sulphur

Explanation: In plant nutrition, sulphur is classed as a macronutrient because plants need more of it. Iron, zinc and manganese are micronutrients required in much smaller amounts. This plant-specific distinction differs from everyday dietary terminology.

Q64. Which vitamin is usually not stored extensively in the body?

[UPPSC RO/ARO Mains, 2014]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin C
  3. (c) Vitamin D
  4. (d) Vitamin E

Answer: (b) Vitamin C

Explanation: Vitamin C is water-soluble and excess amounts are usually excreted through urine, so regular intake is important. Vitamins A, D and E are fat-soluble and can accumulate in liver or adipose tissue.

Q63. Which vitamin contains a cobalt atom?

[UPPSC RO/ARO Mains, 2014]

  1. (a) Vitamin K
  2. (b) Vitamin B12
  3. (c) Vitamin B9
  4. (d) Vitamin B2

Answer: (b) Vitamin B12

Explanation: Vitamin B12 is chemically distinguished by its central cobalt ion. This mineral forms part of cobalamin’s structure rather than acting simply as a dietary companion. B12 is essential for neurological function and healthy red-cell formation.

Q62. Match vitamin B12, haemoglobin, chlorophyll and brass with cobalt (2), iron (4), magnesium (1), copper (3).

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2014]

  1. (a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
  2. (b) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
  3. (c) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
  4. (d) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1

Answer: (a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

Explanation: Cobalamin contains cobalt, haemoglobin contains iron in haem, chlorophyll holds magnesium at its centre and brass is an alloy containing copper. These element associations bridge human nutrition, photosynthesis and materials science.

Q61. Which food grain has the highest protein content among black gram, pigeon pea, field pea and soybean?

[UPPSC RO/ARO Prelims, 2014]

  1. (a) Black gram
  2. (b) Pigeon pea
  3. (c) Field pea
  4. (d) Soyabean

Answer: (d) Soyabean

Explanation: Soybean contains unusually high protein levels for a legume and is also rich in oil. Its protein quality and yield make it important in food products and animal feeds. Other listed pulses remain useful protein sources.

Q60. Apples are valued in diets partly for which mineral amongst the choices?

[UPPSC PCS Mains, 2014]

  1. (a) Sodium and potassium
  2. (b) Phosphorus and magnesium
  3. (c) Potassium and phosphorus
  4. (d) Potassium only

Answer: (d) Potassium only

Explanation: Potassium contributes to normal nerve signalling, fluid balance and heart-muscle function. Apples provide some potassium, although they are not among the very highest potassium foods. The question highlights potassium as their characteristic mineral.

Q59. Among rice, groundnut and apple, which is the richest protein source?

[Jharkhand PCS Prelims, 2013]

  1. (a) Rice
  2. (b) Groundnut
  3. (c) Apple
  4. (d) All are equally rich

Answer: (b) Groundnut

Explanation: Groundnuts provide substantial protein as well as oil, making them more protein-dense than rice or apples. Although peanuts are often called nuts, botanically they belong to the legume family and contribute both energy and plant protein.

Q58. Which statements about fatty acids are correct?
(i) Dietary fatty acids matter.
(ii) A model diet may contain about 75 g fat.
(iii) Humans synthesize no fatty acids.
(iv) Absence of essential fatty acids causes deficiency.

[RAS/RTS Prelims, 2013]

  1. (a) (i), (ii), (iii)
  2. (b) (i), (ii), (iv)
  3. (c) (ii) and (iii) only
  4. (d) (iii) and (iv) only

Answer: (b) (i), (ii), (iv)

Explanation: Humans can make many fatty acids but cannot synthesise enough linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids, which must be supplied in food. The 75-g figure is a historical illustrative diet value rather than a universal daily recommendation.

Q57. Who is credited with introducing the concept and early name of vitamins?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2012]

  1. (a) Casimir Funk
  2. (b) Louis Pasteur
  3. (c) Alexander Fleming
  4. (d) Edward Jenner

Answer: (a) Casimir Funk

Explanation: Casimir Funk introduced the term vitamine in 1912 while investigating deficiency diseases. His work helped show that small dietary compounds beyond the three major macronutrients were indispensable, even though not all vitamins are chemically amines.

Q56. How do antioxidants chiefly protect human cells?

[UPPSC PCS Mains, 2012]

  1. (a) Promote all vitamin synthesis
  2. (b) Prevent use of fat stores
  3. (c) Counter damage from free radicals
  4. (d) Switch on genes guaranteeing longevity

Answer: (c) Counter damage from free radicals

Explanation: Antioxidants can donate electrons to unstable free radicals and limit oxidative chain reactions. The body’s antioxidant defences include dietary compounds and enzymes. They support cellular protection but are not a guarantee of longer life.

Q55. Which vitamin is essential for normal coagulation of blood?

[UPPSC PCS Mains, 2012]

  1. (a) Vitamin C
  2. (b) Vitamin K
  3. (c) Vitamin E
  4. (d) Vitamin D

Answer: (b) Vitamin K

Explanation: Vitamin K is required for activating several coagulation factors through gamma-carboxylation. A shortage can lengthen clotting time and increase bleeding. It is a fat-soluble vitamin obtained from food and also associated with gut microbial activity.

Q54. Approximately how many kilocalories per day did the paper assign to a man doing very hard physical work?

[RAS/RTS Prelims, 2012]

  1. (a) 3,000 kcal
  2. (b) 2,700 kcal
  3. (c) 4,000 kcal
  4. (d) 6,000 kcal

Answer: (c) 4,000 kcal

Explanation: The historical examination used about 4,000 kilocalories as a broad estimate for very strenuous work. Actual requirements vary greatly with body size, age, environment and workload, so the figure should not be applied as universal dietary advice.

Q53. The usual white appearance of milk is mainly associated with which component?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2012]

  1. (a) Lactose
  2. (b) Albumin
  3. (c) Carotene
  4. (d) Casein

Answer: (d) Casein

Explanation: Suspended casein micelles and fat globules scatter light, giving milk its opaque white appearance. Carotenoids can add a cream-yellow tone, especially in cow’s milk. Lactose is the characteristic milk sugar, not its main colour-producing component.

Q52. Linseed oil is especially noted for which nutrient?

[RAS/RTS Prelims, 2012]

  1. (a) Vitamin C
  2. (b) Omega-3 fatty acid
  3. (c) Complete protein
  4. (d) Vitamin B12

Answer: (b) Omega-3 fatty acid

Explanation: Linseed, also called flaxseed, is exceptionally rich in alpha-linolenic acid, a plant omega-3 fatty acid. ALA is essential because humans cannot synthesise it. Conversion of ALA to marine-type EPA and DHA is relatively limited.

Q51. Why is regular intake of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables recommended?

[UPSC CSE Prelims, 2011]

  1. (a) They activate all vitamin-making enzymes
  2. (b) They prevent all oxidation and energy loss
  3. (c) They neutralise metabolically produced free radicals
  4. (d) They permanently switch off ageing genes

Answer: (c) They neutralise metabolically produced free radicals

Explanation: Reactive oxygen species are produced during normal metabolism and can damage cellular molecules when uncontrolled. Antioxidants help neutralise reactive species and support defensive systems. Balanced diets, rather than megadoses of isolated supplements, are generally recommended.

Q50. Which among A, B, D and E is a water-soluble vitamin group?

[Chhattisgarh PCS Prelims, 2011]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin B
  3. (c) Vitamin D
  4. (d) Vitamin E

Answer: (b) Vitamin B

Explanation: B-complex vitamins dissolve in water, as does vitamin C. By contrast, vitamins A, D, E and K dissolve in fat and are absorbed alongside dietary lipids. Some B vitamins, especially B12, have appreciable bodily stores.

Q49. Which term names vitamin D among ascorbic acid, calciferol, folic acid and retinol?

[Chhattisgarh PCS Prelims, 2011]

  1. (a) Ascorbic acid
  2. (b) Calciferol
  3. (c) Folic acid
  4. (d) Retinol

Answer: (b) Calciferol

Explanation: Calciferol denotes vitamin D compounds, including ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3). Vitamin D helps regulate calcium and phosphate balance and contributes to bone mineralisation. Ascorbic acid is C, folate B9 and retinol A.

Q48. Which of the following is not normally synthesised by human cells as a complete nutrient?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2011]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Proteins
  3. (c) Enzymes
  4. (d) Hormones

Answer: (a) Vitamin A

Explanation: Human tissues manufacture proteins, enzymes and numerous hormones from available precursors. They cannot make vitamin A de novo, so preformed vitamin A or provitamin A carotenoids must come from dietary sources for healthy vision and epithelial maintenance.

Q47. Assertion: avoiding green vegetables causes night blindness.
Reason: it causes vitamin A deficiency.

Which option reflects the strict logical status?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2011]

  1. (a) Both true and the reason explains
  2. (b) Both true but unrelated
  3. (c) Assertion true, reason false
  4. (d) Assertion false as inevitable, reason potentially true

Answer: (d) Assertion false as inevitable, reason potentially true

Explanation: Green leafy vegetables supply provitamin A carotenoids, yet other foods also provide vitamin A. Avoiding greens does not inevitably cause deficiency or night blindness. Poor vitamin A intake over time can, however, impair dark adaptation.

Q46. Match B12, haemoglobin, chlorophyll and chalcopyrite with cobalt (2), iron (4), magnesium (1) and copper (3).

[UPPSC PCS Mains, 2011]

  1. (a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
  2. (b) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
  3. (c) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
  4. (d) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1

Answer: (a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

Explanation: Cobalamin has cobalt in its structure; haem contains iron; chlorophyll contains magnesium; and chalcopyrite contains copper along with iron and sulphur. These familiar associations test mineral chemistry alongside plant and human biology.

Q45. Which principal nutrient was identified by the paper as fuel for sustained higher-intensity exercise?

[Chhattisgarh PCS Prelims, 2011]

  1. (a) Fat
  2. (b) Protein
  3. (c) Carbohydrate
  4. (d) Vitamins

Answer: (c) Carbohydrate

Explanation: Carbohydrate is an important muscle fuel, particularly during prolonged high-intensity exertion because it can provide ATP rapidly. At lower intensities, fat oxidation contributes more strongly, so the predominant fuel depends on exercise duration and intensity.

Q44. Match B1, B2, B6 and B12 with thiamine (4), riboflavin (3), pyridoxine (5), cobalamin (1).

[UPPSC Government Inter College (GIC), 2010]

  1. (a) A-2, B-3, C-5, D-4
  2. (b) A-4, B-3, C-5, D-1
  3. (c) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
  4. (d) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

Answer: (b) A-4, B-3, C-5, D-1

Explanation: Thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and cobalamin are the names of vitamins B1, B2, B6 and B12 respectively. Recognising these synonyms is useful when identifying deficiency syndromes and interpreting food-fortification labels.

Q43. Which one of vitamins A, C, D and E is soluble in water?

[Uttarakhand PCS Prelims, 2010]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin C
  3. (c) Vitamin D
  4. (d) Vitamin E

Answer: (b) Vitamin C

Explanation: Ascorbic acid, vitamin C, is water-soluble and must be replenished through regular intake. Vitamins A, D and E are fat-soluble. Vitamin C is also involved in collagen synthesis and enhances absorption of non-haem dietary iron.

Q42. Which mineral is better absorbed from plant foods when taken with vitamin C?

[UPPSC UDA/LDA Special Mains, 2010]

  1. (a) Iron
  2. (b) Calcium
  3. (c) Iodine
  4. (d) Sodium

Answer: (a) Iron

Explanation: Ascorbic acid enhances non-haem iron absorption by helping keep it in a more soluble reduced form. Pairing pulses or leafy greens with citrus or other vitamin C foods can therefore improve the availability of dietary iron.

Q41. Which of the listed vitamins may be produced by human intestinal microbes?

[UPPSC UDA/LDA Special Mains, 2010]

  1. (a) Vitamin B12
  2. (b) Vitamin C
  3. (c) Vitamin K
  4. (d) Vitamin A

Answer: (c) Vitamin K

Explanation: Many intestinal microorganisms synthesise forms of vitamin K, which participates in blood-clotting chemistry. Some bacteria also make B vitamins, but microbial production does not necessarily mean significant absorption. The question’s expected single answer is vitamin K.

Q40. Deficiency of which vitamin is classically associated with night blindness?

[Uttarakhand PCS Prelims, 2010]

  1. (a) Vitamin B
  2. (b) Vitamin C
  3. (c) Vitamin A
  4. (d) Vitamin E

Answer: (c) Vitamin A

Explanation: Retinal, derived from vitamin A, forms part of rhodopsin and related visual pigments required for dim-light vision. Deficiency may first impair night vision and can progress to xerophthalmia and serious eye damage if untreated.

Q39. Which nutrient-disease combination is incorrectly matched?

[UPPSC UDA/LDA Mains, 2010]

  1. (a) Niacin — pellagra
  2. (b) Thiamin — beriberi
  3. (c) Vitamin D — rickets
  4. (d) Vitamin K — sterility

Answer: (d) Vitamin K — sterility

Explanation: Vitamin K is essential for coagulation rather than fertility. Its deficiency increases bleeding risk. Vitamin E has historically been called an anti-sterility vitamin based on animal research, although human fertility is far more complex.

Q38. Match night blindness, rickets, scurvy, beriberi with vitamin D (1), C (2), B1 (3) and A (4).

[UPPSC UDA/LDA Prelims, 2010]

  1. (a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
  2. (b) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
  3. (c) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
  4. (d) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1

Answer: (c) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

Explanation: Night blindness relates to vitamin A, rickets to D, scurvy to C and beriberi to B1 deficiency. Matching diseases with their underlying deficiency is a standard foundation for recognising nutritional disorders and the functions of each vitamin.

Q37. Match rickets, beriberi, night blindness and scurvy with vitamins D, B1, A and C respectively.

[Jharkhand PCS Prelims, 2010]

  1. (a) A-D, B-B1, C-A, D-C
  2. (b) A-C, B-A, C-D, D-B1
  3. (c) A-B1, B-C, C-D, D-A
  4. (d) A-A, B-D, C-C, D-B1

Answer: (a) A-D, B-B1, C-A, D-C

Explanation: Vitamin D deficiency reduces childhood bone mineralisation, thiamin deficiency leads to beriberi, vitamin A deficiency impairs low-light vision, and vitamin C deficiency disrupts collagen formation, causing scurvy. The proposed matches follow these classic associations.

Q36. Which substance gives wheat dough its characteristic elasticity and bread-making quality?

[UPPSC UDA/LDA Mains, 2010]

  1. (a) Gluten
  2. (b) Globulin
  3. (c) Glycine
  4. (d) Lysine

Answer: (a) Gluten

Explanation: Gluten is a protein network formed chiefly from wheat gliadins and glutenins when flour is hydrated and kneaded. It retains fermentation gases and creates an elastic structure, helping dough rise and giving bread its characteristic texture.

Q35. Which vitamin and alternate name are correctly paired?

[UPPSC UDA/LDA Mains, 2010]

  1. (a) B1 — retinol
  2. (b) B2 — riboflavin
  3. (c) B6 — niacin
  4. (d) C — calciferol

Answer: (b) B2 — riboflavin

Explanation: Riboflavin is vitamin B2. Retinol is vitamin A, niacin is B3 and calciferol refers to vitamin D. Recognising these alternate names helps distinguish their biochemical roles and associated deficiency disorders.

Q34. What best describes a nutraceutical product?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2009]

  1. (a) A mixture only of vitamins and minerals
  2. (b) Only protein plus fatty acids
  3. (c) Nutrients with toxic effects
  4. (d) A food-derived product combining nutritional and potential health effects

Answer: (d) A food-derived product combining nutritional and potential health effects

Explanation: A nutraceutical is a food, food component or product proposed to provide benefits beyond basic nutrition. The broad category includes functional foods and supplements, although the quality of evidence for particular health claims varies widely.

Q33. Consider probiotic foods:
(1) they contain live organisms that can benefit humans;
(2) they can help maintain intestinal microbial balance.

Which is correct?

[UPSC CSE Prelims, 2008]

  1. (a) Statement 1 only
  2. (b) Statement 2 only
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Explanation: Probiotics are live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit. Certain strains can support aspects of gut microbiota function. Benefits depend on the specific organism, dose and clinical context, not simply any fermented food.

Q32. Which vitamin is most directly associated with blood clotting?

[UPPSC PCS Mains, 2008]

  1. (a) Vitamin K
  2. (b) Vitamin A
  3. (c) Vitamin B
  4. (d) Vitamin C

Answer: (a) Vitamin K

Explanation: The liver requires vitamin K to activate clotting factors II, VII, IX and X, among other proteins. Low vitamin K status can produce excessive bleeding, unlike vitamin C deficiency, which causes scurvy through poor collagen formation.

Q31. Which food grain has higher protein content among gram, pea, soybean and wheat?

[UPPSC PCS Mains, 2008]

  1. (a) Gram
  2. (b) Pea
  3. (c) Soybean
  4. (d) Wheat

Answer: (c) Soybean

Explanation: Soybean is an unusually protein-rich legume, often containing roughly one-third or more of its dry weight as protein. It also provides useful oil. Its protein concentration exceeds that of the other grains and pulses listed here.

Q30. Which listed vegetable is a comparatively rich source of dietary iron?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2008]

  1. (a) Carrot
  2. (b) Pea
  3. (c) Rice
  4. (d) Spinach

Answer: (d) Spinach

Explanation: Spinach leaves contain non-haem iron and other micronutrients. Their iron is not absorbed as efficiently as haem iron because oxalates and other compounds reduce bioavailability. Vitamin C-rich foods can help improve absorption.

Q29. Casein is classified as which constituent of milk?

[UPPSC PCS Special Prelims, 2008]

  1. (a) Bacterium
  2. (b) Sugar
  3. (c) Protein
  4. (d) Fat

Answer: (c) Protein

Explanation: Caseins are a family of milk phosphoproteins that account for much of cow’s milk protein. They form micelles which scatter light and help give milk an opaque appearance. Lactose, rather than casein, is milk sugar.

Q28. Cow’s milk can have a pale yellow colour mainly because of which pigment?

[UPPSC PCS Special Mains, 2008]

  1. (a) Xanthophyll
  2. (b) Riboflavin
  3. (c) Vitamin B12
  4. (d) Carotene

Answer: (d) Carotene

Explanation: Carotenoids, particularly beta-carotene from cattle feed, can impart a yellowish tint to milk fat. Casein micelles scatter light and make milk appear white, while the amount of carotene varies with breed and feed.

Q27. Which approximate protein intake did the historical paper suggest for a lactating mother each day?

[UPPSC PCS Mains, 2008]

  1. (a) 30 g
  2. (b) 20 g
  3. (c) 70 g
  4. (d) 100 g

Answer: (c) 70 g

Explanation: Lactation increases protein needs to support milk production. The original examination used an approximate value of 70 grams daily. Modern recommendations depend on body weight, lactation stage and guideline system, so this should not be treated as individual advice.

Q26. Which vitamin-deficiency association is the incorrect one?

[UPPSC PCS Special Prelims, 2008]

  1. (a) Thiamin — beriberi
  2. (b) Vitamin D — rickets
  3. (c) Vitamin K — sterility
  4. (d) Niacin — pellagra

Answer: (c) Vitamin K — sterility

Explanation: Deficiency of vitamin K affects coagulation and bleeding, not sterility. Beriberi is linked to thiamin deficiency, rickets to vitamin D deficiency and pellagra to niacin deficiency. Older textbooks used anti-sterility for vitamin E.

Q25. What is considered a principal dietary source of vitamin C?

[Uttarakhand UDA/LDA Prelims, 2007]

  1. (a) Fresh raw fruits
  2. (b) Ghee
  3. (c) Milk
  4. (d) Polished rice

Answer: (a) Fresh raw fruits

Explanation: Fresh fruits, including citrus and guava, contain useful amounts of vitamin C. Ascorbic acid is sensitive to heat, storage and some cooking methods. Adequate vitamin C supports collagen formation, wound healing and iron absorption.

Q24. Among potato, sugarcane, orange and sugar beet, which offers the most vitamin C?

[Uttarakhand UDA/LDA Prelims, 2007]

  1. (a) Potato
  2. (b) Sugarcane
  3. (c) Orange
  4. (d) Sugar beet

Answer: (c) Orange

Explanation: Orange flesh is a well-known source of ascorbic acid, supporting immune function and collagen synthesis. The other options generally contain less vitamin C per standard serving, especially refined products derived from sugarcane or sugar beet.

Q23. Which sugar is responsible for the natural sweetness of milk?

[UPPSC PCS Prelims, 2007]

  1. (a) Microse
  2. (b) Lactose
  3. (c) Sucrose
  4. (d) Carotene

Answer: (b) Lactose

Explanation: Lactose is the main disaccharide sugar in milk, composed of glucose and galactose. Lactase in the small intestine breaks lactose into its constituent sugars. Insufficient lactase may cause gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming milk.

Q22. What biological agent changes milk into curd?

[Uttarakhand UDA/LDA Prelims, 2007]

  1. (a) Bacteria
  2. (b) Vitamins
  3. (c) Digestive enzymes alone
  4. (d) None of these

Answer: (a) Bacteria

Explanation: Lactic-acid bacteria ferment lactose into lactic acid, lowering milk pH and coagulating its proteins. This produces the characteristic texture and flavour of curd. The process involves bacterial enzymes, but bacteria are the agent identified by the examination.

Q21. Which vitamin is particularly important for normal wound healing?

[Uttarakhand PCS Prelims, 2006]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin B
  3. (c) Vitamin C
  4. (d) Vitamin D

Answer: (c) Vitamin C

Explanation: Vitamin C is required for hydroxylation steps in collagen synthesis. Collagen helps give healing tissues strength, so deficiency can weaken wound repair and cause gum bleeding. Adequate protein and other nutrients are also important for healing.

Q20. Which vitamin is formed in the body as a result of sunlight exposure?

[Uttarakhand PCS Mains, 2006]

  1. (a) Vitamin A
  2. (b) Vitamin B
  3. (c) Vitamin C
  4. (d) Vitamin D

Answer: (d) Vitamin D

Explanation: Skin exposed to suitable ultraviolet-B radiation makes cholecalciferol, vitamin D3, from 7-dehydrocholesterol. Liver and kidney metabolism then create active hormonal forms that maintain calcium balance and bone health.

Q19. Deficiency of which nutrient was linked to slow body growth by the paper?

[Uttarakhand PCS Mains, 2006]

  1. (a) Fats
  2. (b) Vitamins
  3. (c) Proteins
  4. (d) None of these

Answer: (c) Proteins

Explanation: Protein provides amino acids needed to synthesise growing tissues, enzymes and structural components. Inadequate protein can impair growth, although chronic growth faltering often reflects combined deficits of calories, micronutrients and health conditions.

Q18. Which protein is characteristically present in milk?

[Uttarakhand PCS Prelims, 2006]

  1. (a) Agglutinin
  2. (b) Casein
  3. (c) Myosin
  4. (d) Haemoglobin

Answer: (b) Casein

Explanation: Casein is the principal group of proteins in cow’s milk. Myosin is a muscle motor protein and haemoglobin transports oxygen in red blood cells. Milk protein contributes essential amino acids in human diets.

Q17. Which fruit was recognised by the paper as iron-rich among jamun, karonda, loquat and guava?

[UPPSC UDA/LDA Prelims, 2006]

  1. (a) Jamun
  2. (b) Karonda
  3. (c) Loquat
  4. (d) Guava

Answer: (b) Karonda

Explanation: Karonda has traditionally been noted in Indian nutrition guides for its mineral and vitamin content. Actual iron content depends on fruit variety, maturity and measurement, and this historical exam comparison should not replace nutrient-database values.

Q16. Which of the following microorganisms makes milk sour by producing lactic acid?

[Chhattisgarh PCS Prelims, 2005]

  1. (a) Aspergillus
  2. (b) Staphylococcus
  3. (c) Pseudomonas
  4. (d) Lactobacillus

Answer: (d) Lactobacillus

Explanation: Lactobacillus species and other lactic-acid bacteria ferment the sugar lactose to lactic acid. The falling pH produces a sour flavour and coagulates casein, underpinning familiar fermented dairy products such as curd and yoghurt.

Q15. Which vegetable supplies comparatively high provitamin A among cabbage, carrot, cauliflower and spinach?

[UPPSC PCS Special Mains, 2004]

  1. (a) Cabbage
  2. (b) Carrot
  3. (c) Cauliflower
  4. (d) Spinach

Answer: (b) Carrot

Explanation: Carrots are well known for beta-carotene, an orange pigment that can be converted to vitamin A. Vitamin A supports vision, immune defence and epithelial tissues. Spinach also supplies carotenoids, but the examination expected carrot.

Q14. Which element in the form of phosphate helps buffer acidity and alkalinity in body fluids?

[UPPSC PCS Special Mains, 2004]

  1. (a) Phosphorus
  2. (b) Sodium
  3. (c) Potassium
  4. (d) Calcium

Answer: (a) Phosphorus

Explanation: Phosphate-containing buffers help stabilise hydrogen ion concentrations, particularly in intracellular fluid and urine. Phosphorus is also needed for ATP, nucleic acids and skeletal mineral. Blood buffering uses bicarbonate and proteins as well.

Q13. Which food has the highest protein concentration among pigeon pea, soybean, horse gram and wheat?

[UPPSC PCS Special Mains, 2004]

  1. (a) Pigeon pea
  2. (b) Soybean
  3. (c) Horse gram
  4. (d) Wheat

Answer: (b) Soybean

Explanation: Soybean seeds have a high protein proportion and a comparatively substantial amount of unsaturated fat. They often surpass conventional cereals and many pulses in protein concentration, making soy products nutritionally valuable.

Q12. Which vitamin’s molecule includes the metallic element cobalt?

[UPPSC PCS Special Mains, 2004]

  1. (a) Vitamin B6
  2. (b) Vitamin B2
  3. (c) Vitamin B1
  4. (d) Vitamin B12

Answer: (d) Vitamin B12

Explanation: Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, has cobalt at the centre of a corrin ring. It supports neurological function and DNA synthesis. Deficiency may produce megaloblastic anaemia and nerve damage, particularly when absorption is impaired.

Q11. Which food among fruits, vegetables, cheese and sweets provides nutrients used to grow new body tissues?

[RAS/RTS Prelims, 2003]

  1. (a) Fruit
  2. (b) Vegetables
  3. (c) Cheese
  4. (d) Sweets

Answer: (c) Cheese

Explanation: Cheese contains substantial protein, supplying amino acids for tissue development and repair. Fruits and vegetables are important for vitamins, minerals and fibre, while sweets are mainly energy sources and generally contain little protein.

Q10. Which nutrition statement is incorrect?

[UPSC CSE Prelims, 2003]

  1. (a) Milk contains no B vitamins
  2. (b) Vitamin A deficiency can affect skin and epithelium
  3. (c) Scurvy may cause joint pain
  4. (d) Thiamin deficiency may affect the heart

Answer: (a) Milk contains no B vitamins

Explanation: Milk contains riboflavin, vitamin B12 and some other B-group nutrients, so claiming it has none is false. Severe vitamin C deficiency can produce painful bleeding tissues; thiamin deficiency can affect cardiac function.

Q9. Assertion: unsaturated fatty acids are generally more chemically reactive than saturated ones.
Reason: their carbon chains contain only single bonds.

[UPSC CSE Prelims, 2003]

  1. (a) Both true, R explains A
  2. (b) Both true, R does not explain A
  3. (c) Assertion true, reason false
  4. (d) Assertion false, reason true

Answer: (c) Assertion true, reason false

Explanation: Double bonds make unsaturated fatty acids more susceptible to oxidation than comparable saturated fatty acids. The reason is false because carbon-carbon double bonds are precisely what distinguish unsaturated fats from saturated ones.

Q8. Which fruit among carrot, guava, mango and orange provides the highest vitamin C content?

[Uttarakhand PCS Prelims, 2002]

  1. (a) Carrot
  2. (b) Guava
  3. (c) Mango
  4. (d) Orange

Answer: (b) Guava

Explanation: Guava typically contains considerably more vitamin C per 100 grams than orange, mango or carrot. Ascorbic acid supports collagen synthesis, iron absorption and antioxidant defences. Levels vary by cultivar, storage and ripeness.

Q7. Which combination contains the water-soluble vitamins in these choices?

[UPPSC Lower Subordinate Prelims, 2002]

  1. (a) A, B and D
  2. (b) A, D, E and K
  3. (c) A, B and K
  4. (d) B and C

Answer: (d) B and C

Explanation: The B-complex group and vitamin C are water-soluble. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble and generally absorbed with dietary lipids. The distinction influences storage, deficiency patterns and risks from excessive supplementation.

Q6. Deficiency of vitamin D in children chiefly causes which condition?

[Uttarakhand PCS Mains, 2002]

  1. (a) Rickets
  2. (b) Beriberi
  3. (c) Osteoporosis
  4. (d) Pellagra

Answer: (a) Rickets

Explanation: Rickets results from impaired mineralisation of growing bones, often due to insufficient vitamin D, calcium or phosphate. The classic vitamin D deficiency association is rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

Q5. Which sequence of vitamins is associated with beriberi, rickets and scurvy respectively?

[Uttarakhand PCS Mains, 2002]

  1. (a) B12, A, C
  2. (b) B1, D, C
  3. (c) A, B, E
  4. (d) B6, A, K

Answer: (b) B1, D, C

Explanation: Beriberi follows severe thiamin deficiency, rickets is associated with vitamin D deficiency and scurvy follows inadequate vitamin C. These conditions differ because each vitamin participates in distinct metabolic or structural processes.

Q4. Which of these vitamin-and-disease associations is incorrectly matched?

[UPPSC PCS Mains, 2002]

  1. (a) Calciferol — osteomalacia
  2. (b) Niacin — pellagra
  3. (c) Cobalamin — pernicious anaemia
  4. (d) Riboflavin — beriberi

Answer: (d) Riboflavin — beriberi

Explanation: Riboflavin is vitamin B2, whose deficiency can cause cracked lips and oral inflammation. Beriberi is caused by deficiency of vitamin B1, thiamin. Calciferol relates to vitamin D, niacin to B3 and cobalamin to B12.

Q3. Among beans, eggs, leafy green vegetables and milk, which did the exam identify as most iron-rich?

[Uttarakhand PCS Prelims, 2002]

  1. (a) Beans
  2. (b) Eggs
  3. (c) Leafy green vegetables
  4. (d) Milk

Answer: (c) Leafy green vegetables

Explanation: Dark leafy vegetables contain iron but its bioavailability varies. Milk generally provides little iron; eggs and legumes contribute some. The exam’s broad food-group comparison favoured leafy greens, although the true ranking depends on serving size.

Q2. Assertion: vitamins are required only in small quantities.
Reason: vitamins act by directly killing bacteria harmful to the body.

Choose correctly.

[UPPSC Lower Subordinate Prelims, 2002]

  1. (a) Both true and reason explains
  2. (b) Both true but unrelated
  3. (c) Assertion true, reason false
  4. (d) Assertion false, reason true

Answer: (c) Assertion true, reason false

Explanation: Vitamins are essential micronutrients needed in much smaller quantities than major energy nutrients. They support enzyme reactions, cell maintenance and other functions; they do not generally act as antimicrobial agents that directly kill pathogens.

Q1. Assertion: glycine, serine and tyrosine must be obtained as essential amino acids in diet.
Reason: essential amino acids cannot be made by the body.

Which is correct?

[UPSC CSE Prelims, 2002]

  1. (a) Both true and reason explains
  2. (b) Both true but unrelated
  3. (c) Assertion true, reason false
  4. (d) Assertion false, reason true

Answer: (d) Assertion false, reason true

Explanation: Glycine and serine are usually synthesised by the human body; tyrosine is ordinarily made from phenylalanine. They are not generally classified as strictly essential dietary amino acids, although requirements may be conditional in some circumstances.

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