Marine Resources of India

VidyaarOctober 14, 20260162 views

Q150. Consider statements about ocean currents:
1. Water-density differences are a major cause of currents.
2. Water density depends on temperature, salinity and pressure.
3. Ocean water generally flows from higher-density to lower-density areas as a current.

Which statements are correct?

[UPSC CDS-I General Knowledge, 12 April 2026]

(A) 1 and 2 only

(B) 1 only

(D) 2 and 3 only

Answer: (A) 1 and 2 only

Explanation: Seawater density varies with salinity, temperature and pressure, and these variations help drive deep-ocean circulation. Wind and planetary rotation also influence currents. The third statement gives an overgeneralised direction of flow and is not accepted in the cited examination.

Q149. Which port-characteristic pairs are correctly matched?
1. Deendayal Port—tidal port;
2. Jawaharlal Nehru Port—landlocked port;
3. V.O. Chidambaranar Port—artificial deep-sea harbour;
4. Paradip Port—natural shallow-water port.

[UPSC CDS-I General Knowledge, 12 April 2026]

(A) 1 and 3 only

(B) 2 and 4 only

(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: (A) 1 and 3 only

Explanation: Deendayal Port at Kandla experiences tidal conditions, while V.O. Chidambaranar Port at Thoothukudi has an artificial deep-water harbour. Jawaharlal Nehru Port serves seaborne cargo near Mumbai and is not landlocked; Paradip is not correctly described as a natural shallow-water port.

Q148. Which Indian city hosted the third Council meeting of the International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation (IALA) in February 2025?

[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I, 22 March 2026]

(A) Kolkata

(B) Mumbai

(D) Chennai

Answer: (B) Mumbai

Explanation: Mumbai hosted the IALA Council meeting, reflecting India’s involvement in international maritime navigation standards. Marine aids include lights, buoys and vessel-traffic systems, which improve navigational safety and support trade through ports and major shipping routes.

Q147. Where is the headquarters of the ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education located?

[RRB NTPC Graduate CBT-I, 19 March 2026]

(A) Panaji

(B) Thiruvananthapuram

(D) Visakhapatnam

Answer: (C) Mumbai

Explanation: The ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education is located in Mumbai. It is a specialised fisheries university concerned with education, research and capacity development in fishery sciences, supporting India’s marine and inland fish resources and associated livelihoods.

Q146. Which organisation released the report ‘India’s Blue Economy: Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries’ in October 2025?

[RRB Group D, 3 February 2026, Shift 3]

(A) National Fisheries Development Board

(B) Marine Products Export Development Authority

(D) NITI Aayog

Answer: (D) NITI Aayog

Explanation: NITI Aayog published the strategic report addressing deep-sea and offshore fisheries. The blue economy covers the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic opportunities, conservation and livelihoods, including responsible fishing, modern technology and improved marine-resource governance.

Q145. Mangrove forests are mainly associated with which geographical setting?

[MP Police Sub-Inspector, 21 January 2026]

(A) Mountainous regions

(B) Arid deserts

(D) Dry inland plains

Answer: (C) Tide-influenced coastal areas

Explanation: Mangroves develop along sheltered tropical and subtropical shorelines, deltas and estuaries subject to tidal inundation. Their salt tolerance and specialised roots help them survive in waterlogged sediment while protecting coasts and providing nurseries for fish and crustaceans.

Q144. Which offshore petroleum field, located approximately 160 km from India’s western coast, was explored during the 1970s?

[MP Police Sub-Inspector, 17 January 2026]

(A) Cauvery Basin

(B) Mumbai High

(D) Naharkatiya

Answer: (B) Mumbai High

Explanation: Mumbai High is an important offshore oilfield in the Arabian Sea near Maharashtra. Its discovery and development transformed India’s domestic crude production, showing that marine resources include seabed hydrocarbons as well as fisheries, minerals and renewable ocean energy.

Q143. Which Indian island group is predominantly of coral-reef origin?

[DSSSB MTS, 26 April 2026]

(A) Lakshadweep

(B) Majuli

(D) Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Answer: (A) Lakshadweep

Explanation: Lakshadweep consists largely of coral atolls, reefs and islands in the Arabian Sea. These delicate marine ecosystems shelter fish and other organisms but are threatened by rising sea temperatures, bleaching, pollution and changes in coastal sediment movement.

Q142. Which of the following best describes the geological origin of Lakshadweep?

[DSSSB MTS, 22 April 2026, Shift 2]

(A) Granite islands

(B) Volcanic islands

(D) Rocky continental islands

Answer: (C) Coral islands

Explanation: Lakshadweep’s surface islands are built chiefly by reef-forming corals and associated carbonate deposits. Many form atolls surrounding lagoons. Coral growth depends on shallow, warm, sunlit seawater, making this group ecologically different from India’s tectonically complex Andaman–Nicobar archipelago.

Q141. Lakshadweep is primarily composed of which type of islands?

[DSSSB Primary Teacher, 31 March 2026]

(A) Sand-dune islands

(B) Granite islands

(D) Volcanic islands

Answer: (C) Coral islands

Explanation: The Lakshadweep islands are coral-derived formations in the Arabian Sea. Living reefs and lagoons support fish, tourism and coastal protection. Because their elevations are low, these islands are especially sensitive to erosion, storm surges and sea-level rise.

Q140. The Sundarbans are part of the delta formed by which river system?

[DSSSB MTS, 22 April 2026]

(A) Cauvery

(B) Krishna–Godavari

(D) Mahanadi

Answer: (C) Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna

Explanation: The Sundarbans lie across the vast Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna delta shared by India and Bangladesh. The meeting of river sediments, saline tides and estuarine channels creates ideal mangrove conditions and supports fisheries, wildlife and coastal flood protection.

Q139. Which of these Indian states is well known for extensive mangrove forests?

[DSSSB MTS, 25 February 2026]

(A) West Bengal

(B) Uttar Pradesh

(D) Madhya Pradesh

Answer: (A) West Bengal

Explanation: West Bengal contains the Indian portion of the Sundarbans, one of the world’s largest mangrove landscapes. Tidal waterways, brackish water and sediment deposition shape the habitat. Mangroves shield nearby settlements and provide breeding grounds for commercially valuable aquatic species.

Q138. Which Indian island group lying to the southwest of the mainland consists mainly of coral atolls?

[DSSSB MTS, 26 July 2026]

(A) Majuli

(B) Andaman and Nicobar Islands

(D) Sagar Island

Answer: (C) Lakshadweep

Explanation: Lakshadweep lies off India’s southwest coast in the Arabian Sea. Its coral atolls develop around shallow lagoons. Unlike river islands such as Majuli and Sagar, Lakshadweep owes its land surface largely to biological carbonate deposition.

Q137. The Lakshadweep Islands are located in which sea?

[DSSSB MTS, 26 July 2026]

(A) Red Sea

(B) Bay of Bengal

(D) Mediterranean Sea

Answer: (C) Arabian Sea

Explanation: Lakshadweep is situated in the Arabian Sea, west of Kerala. The island group includes reefs, lagoons and atolls that support marine biodiversity and fishing. Its location is also significant for navigation and India’s island-based maritime economy.

Q136. Which Indian coastal location has particularly favourable conditions for developing tidal-power projects?

[DSSSB MTS, 25 July 2026]

(A) Gulf of Mannar

(B) Western Ghats

(D) Indo-Gangetic Plain

Answer: (C) Gulf of Khambhat

Explanation: The Gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat has a large tidal range, making it a frequently identified location for tidal-energy development. Tidal energy converts the regular rise and fall of seawater into electricity, though costs and ecological effects require assessment.

Q135. Which combination represents major threats to wild Pacific salmon populations?

[SSC GD Constable, 9 May 2026]

(A) Industrial runoff alone

(B) Overfishing, habitat degradation and climate change

(D) Reduced genetic diversity only in hatcheries

Answer: (B) Overfishing, habitat degradation and climate change

Explanation: Salmon depend on connected marine and freshwater habitats. Fishing pressure, warmer waters, disrupted river systems and coastal habitat destruction can reduce survival. The question illustrates how conserving marine fish stocks requires protecting wider ecological processes and migration pathways.

Q134. Minamitorishima, associated with reported deep-sea rare-earth deposits, lies in which ocean?

[DSSSB MTS, 28 July 2026]

(A) Indian Ocean

(B) Pacific Ocean

(D) Southern Ocean

Answer: (B) Pacific Ocean

Explanation: Minamitorishima is a remote Japanese island in the Pacific Ocean. Nearby deep-sea sediments have attracted attention for rare-earth elements. Extracting such minerals is technologically challenging and raises concerns about damage to poorly understood deep-ocean ecosystems.

Q133. Which institute reported detecting airborne microplastics in the Sundarbans region?

[RRB NTPC Undergraduate CBT-I, 7 May 2026]

(A) IISER Kolkata

(B) IIT Kharagpur

(D) Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun

Answer: (A) IISER Kolkata

Explanation: IISER Kolkata researchers reported microplastic contamination associated with the Sundarbans. Tiny plastic particles can travel through air and water, enter coastal food webs and complicate conservation. This makes pollution monitoring important for both mangrove habitats and fishing communities.

Q132. Which river joins the Brahmaputra system in forming the world’s largest delta?

[SSC GD Constable, 30 April 2026]

(A) Godavari

(B) Ganga

(D) Yamuna

Answer: (B) Ganga

Explanation: The Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers collectively supply sediment to the enormous Bengal delta. Its seaward margin includes Sundarbans mangroves, estuaries and fishing grounds. River discharge and tidal action together influence coastal habitats and shoreline changes.

Q131. Which feature is NOT normally associated with a mangrove ecosystem?

[DSSSB Court Attendant, 15 June 2026]

(A) Dense vegetation

(B) Submerged or exposed specialised roots

(D) Muddy, silty substrates

Answer: (C) High-altitude mountain terrain

Explanation: Mangroves occur at low-elevation coastlines, especially muddy tidal flats and estuaries. Their specialised roots cope with oxygen-poor sediments. High-altitude mountain terrain lacks the saline or brackish tidal conditions that characterise these productive coastal ecosystems.

Q130. Which coastal feature is especially characteristic of parts of India’s eastern seaboard?

[DSSSB Assistant Superintendent, 6 July 2026]

(A) Fjord-like estuaries

(B) Lagoons

(D) Rocky sea cliffs

Answer: (B) Lagoons

Explanation: Lagoons such as Chilika and Pulicat occur along India’s eastern coast behind barrier formations. They connect marine and freshwater environments, support fisheries and migratory birds, and are influenced by river inflow, tides and shifting sand barriers.

Q129. What is a central objective of scientific coral-restoration projects?

[DSSSB Assistant Superintendent, 1 July 2026]

(A) Replacing every natural reef with artificial structures

(B) Expanding tourism infrastructure alone

(D) Eliminating global climate change entirely

Answer: (C) Accelerating the recovery of damaged reefs through scientific interventions

Explanation: Coral restoration may involve nursery cultivation, transplanting healthy fragments and stabilising damaged reef areas. These interventions support recovery but cannot replace wider action on ocean warming, pollution and destructive fishing, all of which threaten reef-based marine resources.

Q128. Which clean-energy technology was selected for a port-based pilot discussed in September 2025?

[DSSSB MTS, 23 April 2026]

(A) Thorium reactors

(B) Green hydrogen

(D) Floating solar power

Answer: (B) Green hydrogen

Explanation: Green hydrogen is produced using renewable electricity and can support lower-emission port activities and shipping-related industries. Such projects fit the blue-economy goal of reducing environmental impacts while maintaining coastal infrastructure, maritime trade and industrial development.

Q127. Which combination of ecosystems was emphasised in India’s Green India restoration roadmap?

[RRB Group D, 5 February 2026]

(A) Central Indian Highlands and Sundarbans only

(B) Deccan Plateau and Andaman Islands only

(D) Aravallis, Western Ghats, Himalayas and mangroves

Answer: (D) Aravallis, Western Ghats, Himalayas and mangroves

Explanation: Restoration planning targets several vulnerable landscapes, including coastal mangroves. Mangrove recovery matters because these forests store carbon, provide nursery habitats for fish, stabilise sediment and help limit damage from waves and storm surges.

Q126. Which title best fits a passage describing scientific restoration of degraded coral reefs?

[DSSSB Assistant Superintendent, 1 July 2026]

(A) Climate Change and the Collapse of Trade

(B) Scientific Interventions Supporting Coral Reef Recovery

(D) Coastal Urbanisation Trends

Answer: (B) Scientific Interventions Supporting Coral Reef Recovery

Explanation: A passage focusing on coral transplantation, reef repair and science-based conservation is best summarised by scientific interventions supporting recovery. Healthy reefs underpin marine biodiversity and tourism, while providing habitat for reef fish and reducing incoming wave energy.

2025 — 25 questions

Q125. Which objective was highlighted at the 2024 IORA seminar in Goa on maritime cooperation?

[SSC Selection Post Graduate Level, 28 July 2025]

(A) Expanding Indo-Pacific trade agreements only

(B) Resolving terrestrial border disputes

(D) Inviting SAARC states for humanitarian relief

Answer: (C) Combating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing

Explanation: Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing undermines sustainable marine-resource use by depleting fish stocks and harming coastal livelihoods. IORA promotes cooperation among Indian Ocean countries, making fisheries governance and maritime security important areas for regional action.

Q124. What is a core requirement for a beach or marina to receive Blue Flag certification?

[SSC CPO, 10 December 2025]

(A) Luxury tourist accommodation

(B) Exclusive access for local residents

(D) Mandatory UNESCO World Heritage designation

Answer: (C) Good water quality, environmental management and safety services

Explanation: Blue Flag certification evaluates criteria including environmental education, water quality, safety and sustainable management. For beaches and marinas, these standards encourage cleaner coastal waters and responsible tourism while safeguarding ecosystems on which nearby communities depend.

Q123. India’s first Marine National Park was established in which state?

[APPSC Forest Section Officer, 2025]

(A) Tamil Nadu

(B) Lakshadweep

(D) Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Answer: (C) Gujarat

Explanation: The Marine National Park in the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat, was India’s first such park. Its intertidal and shallow-marine habitats include coral reefs, mangroves and other organisms. Protected areas help conserve fisheries nurseries and wider coastal biodiversity.

Q122. Consider statements: 1. The Great Barrier Reef lies in the Coral Sea off Australia. 2. The Great Dividing Range runs between Melbourne and Perth. Which statement is correct?

[UPSC CDS-I General Knowledge, 13 April 2025]

(A) 1 only

(B) 2 only

(D) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (A) 1 only

Explanation: The Great Barrier Reef lies in the Coral Sea along northeastern Australia. The Great Dividing Range extends mainly along the eastern Australian margin, not between Melbourne and Perth. Reef systems are sensitive marine habitats with substantial biological and tourism value.

Q121. What is the intended diving depth, in metres, of India’s Samudrayaan manned submersible MATSYA 6000?

[RRB Group D, 2 December 2025]

(A) 6,000

(B) 8,000

(D) 9,500

Answer: (A) 6,000

Explanation: MATSYA 6000 is designed to carry humans to a depth of about 6,000 metres as part of India’s deep-ocean exploration programme. Such missions can improve understanding of seabed minerals, deep-sea biology and the environmental consequences of resource extraction.

Q120. Which two primary factors jointly drive large-scale ocean currents?

[SSC Selection Post, 28 July 2025]

(A) Tides and lunar gravity

(B) Earthquakes and underwater volcanoes

(D) Salinity and temperature only

Answer: (C) Wind and seawater-density differences

Explanation: Planetary winds largely propel surface currents, while density contrasts arising from temperature and salinity are important for deep circulation. Earth’s rotation modifies their paths. Together these processes redistribute heat, nutrients and organisms across fishing grounds and ocean basins.

Q119. Which of these states is especially associated with mangrove forests?

[DSSSB TGT, 12 November 2025]

(A) Bihar

(B) Uttar Pradesh

(D) Assam

Answer: (C) West Bengal

Explanation: West Bengal contains the Indian Sundarbans, where mangroves grow along tidal creeks and muddy islands. These salt-tolerant forests support fisheries and wildlife while reducing the vulnerability of coastal settlements to erosion and severe cyclonic storms.

Q118. Which warm ocean current has a strong influence on the climate of Western Europe?

[Haryana CET, 27 July 2025]

(A) Humboldt Current

(B) Labrador Current

(D) Canary Current

Answer: (C) Gulf Stream

Explanation: The Gulf Stream transports warm subtropical water into the North Atlantic, contributing to a relatively mild maritime climate in Western Europe alongside the North Atlantic Drift. Ocean-current systems also affect plankton productivity, fog and the distribution of fish stocks.

Q117. Which state was a leading participant in the MISHTI mangrove-plantation initiative by February 2025?

[RRB Group D, 2 December 2025]

(A) West Bengal

(B) Odisha

(D) Gujarat

Answer: (D) Gujarat

Explanation: Gujarat has actively pursued mangrove restoration under MISHTI, a programme intended to improve shoreline habitats and coastal resilience. Mangrove planting requires suitable tidal flow, salinity and species selection, rather than merely putting saplings into any coastal soil.

Q116. Which state was associated with about 19,020 hectares of mangrove restoration under MISHTI?

[RRB Group D, 8 December 2025]

(A) Maharashtra

(B) Kerala

(D) Uttar Pradesh

Answer: (C) Gujarat

Explanation: Gujarat’s long coastline and estuarine areas make mangrove management significant. MISHTI aims to expand and strengthen mangrove cover, which can protect fisheries breeding sites, store blue carbon and reduce the effects of coastal erosion.

Q115. Which factors influence ocean currents? 1. Coriolis force; 2. Gravity; 3. Solar heating; 4. Wind.

[UPSC NDA-II General Ability, 14 September 2025]

(A) 1 and 4 only

(B) 2 and 3 only

(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: (D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Explanation: Wind sets surface waters in motion, uneven solar heating affects water density and sea level, and gravity helps drive circulation. The Coriolis effect deflects movement on the rotating Earth. All four therefore participate in shaping ocean-current systems.

Q114. Which coastal landform is notably associated with India’s eastern coast?

[PSPCL Junior Engineer, 16 June 2025]

(A) Extensive coral walls

(B) Fjord estuaries

(D) Large deltas

Answer: (D) Large deltas

Explanation: Rivers including the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery have built significant deltas along the eastern coast. Their sediment-rich environments contain agriculture, ports, wetlands and fishing settlements but are exposed to flooding and cyclonic storm surges.

Q113. The mangrove ecosystem around Hazira is located in which state?

[IB Security Assistant, 29 September 2025]

(A) Odisha

(B) Gujarat

(D) Maharashtra

Answer: (B) Gujarat

Explanation: Hazira is situated on the Gujarat coast near Surat, an area affected by estuarine and tidal processes. Mangroves occurring around industrialised coasts can help stabilise sediments and support marine food webs, but also face pressure from reclamation and pollution.

Q112. According to the India State of Forest Report 2023, approximately what percentage of India’s geographical area was under mangroves?

[OSSSC Combined Recruitment Examination, 11 November 2025]

(A) 0.25%

(B) 0.15%

(D) 0.35%

Answer: (B) 0.15%

Explanation: India’s mangrove cover is geographically small but ecologically valuable. The official forest-cover assessment places it at roughly fifteen-hundredths of one per cent of India’s area. These tidal forests are disproportionately important for blue carbon, coastal fisheries and storm protection.

Q111. Which natural-vegetation type does NOT occur naturally as a characteristic forest type of Rajasthan?

[Rajasthan RSSB Junior Engineer, 10 February 2025]

(A) Mangrove forests

(B) Tropical thorn forests

(D) Subtropical mountain forests

Answer: (A) Mangrove forests

Explanation: Rajasthan is largely inland and dry, unlike the saline tidal coasts where mangroves grow. Thorn and dry deciduous vegetation are much more characteristic of the state. Mangroves depend upon tidal influence and waterlogged, often brackish soils.

Q110. Which of the following belongs to the shellfish group?

[RRB Group D, 11 December 2025]

(A) Silver carp

(B) Bombay duck

(D) Molluscs

Answer: (D) Molluscs

Explanation: Molluscs such as oysters, clams and mussels are classified as shellfish in fisheries. Fishery resources include finfish and shellfish, including many crustaceans. Shellfish are commercially important but can accumulate contaminants from polluted coastal waters.

Q109. Which is NOT a factor controlling the formation and movement of ocean currents?

[RRB NTPC Undergraduate CBT-I, 14 August 2025]

(A) Soil type

(B) Temperature differences

(D) Wind

Answer: (A) Soil type

Explanation: Ocean currents respond to winds, density differences and Earth’s rotation. The type of soil on land has no direct, general role in forming these flows. Currents transport heat and nutrients, thereby affecting marine ecosystems and regional climate.

Q108. Which among the Alaska Current, North Atlantic Drift and West Wind Drift is a cold ocean current?

[UPSC NDA-I General Ability, 13 April 2025]

(A) Alaska Current only

(B) Alaska Current and North Atlantic Drift

(D) West Wind Drift only

Answer: (D) West Wind Drift only

Explanation: The West Wind Drift, also called the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, carries cold water around Antarctica. The Alaska Current and North Atlantic Drift are warm-current systems. These contrasting flows influence sea temperatures, weather and marine productivity.

Q107. Which is NOT a primary factor determining the formation and direction of ocean currents?

[DSSSB Assistant Section Officer, 20 August 2025]

(A) Salinity gradients

(B) Prevailing winds

(D) Lunar phases

Answer: (D) Lunar phases

Explanation: Winds and seawater-density gradients influence circulation directly, while lunar gravitational effects mainly generate tides. Ocean currents and tides are distinct movements, even though they can interact in shallow coastal settings and estuaries.

Q106. The Sundarbans mangrove forest in India is primarily located in which state?

[SCL Assistant, 13 July 2025]

(A) Odisha

(B) West Bengal

(D) Kerala

Answer: (B) West Bengal

Explanation: India’s Sundarbans occupy the southern part of West Bengal within the Bengal delta. Tidal channels and saline conditions favour mangrove species. Their roots trap sediment and provide shelter for juvenile fish, crustaceans and numerous other organisms.

Q105. Mangrove vegetation is usually found in which landform?

[RPF Constable, 18 March 2025]

(A) Cold deserts

(B) Hot deserts

(D) High plateaus

Answer: (C) River deltas

Explanation: Mangroves commonly occupy tropical deltaic shorelines, estuaries and sheltered coastal wetlands. Sediment deposition and regular tidal flooding create suitable conditions. Their ecological services include shoreline protection, nutrient cycling and nursery grounds for fish and prawns.

Q104. In which state are the Sundarbans mangroves located?

[RPF Constable, 5 March 2025]

(A) Kerala

(B) West Bengal

(D) Odisha

Answer: (B) West Bengal

Explanation: The Indian Sundarbans extend across the lower Ganga delta of West Bengal. Saline and freshwater mixing produces a complicated network of creeks and islands. This environment supports mangroves, estuarine fisheries and globally important coastal wildlife.

Q103. Which vegetation type dominates the Sundarbans?

[RPF Constable, 18 March 2025]

(A) Tropical thorn forest

(B) Tropical deciduous forest

(D) Mangrove forest

Answer: (D) Mangrove forest

Explanation: The Sundarbans are named for their mangrove environment, where species have adaptations such as breathing roots and salt tolerance. Tides periodically inundate the sediment. These forests offer natural protection from storms and sustain aquatic biodiversity.

Q102. Which country was selected for the vice-presidency of the International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation?

[RRB NTPC Undergraduate CBT-I, 29 August 2025]

(A) France

(B) Japan

(D) India

Answer: (B) Japan

Explanation: Japan’s selection concerned the leadership of an international body responsible for improving maritime navigation safety. Clear navigation systems support shipping and port commerce while helping vessels avoid accidents that could damage marine and coastal habitats.

Q101. Which statement about El Niño and La Niña is INCORRECT?

[RPSC RAS Preliminary Examination, 2 February 2025]

(A) Both are types of tropical cyclones

(B) El Niño can reduce marine phytoplankton off Peru

(D) Both are Pacific climate patterns

Answer: (A) Both are types of tropical cyclones

Explanation: El Niño and La Niña are opposing phases of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, not tropical cyclones. Changes in equatorial Pacific winds and upwelling affect sea temperatures, nutrients and fish catches, particularly along the South American coast.

2024 — 22 questions

Q100. Which of the following states has coastal mangrove forests?

[SSC CHSL, 5 July 2024]

(A) Andhra Pradesh

(B) Manipur

(D) Rajasthan

Answer: (A) Andhra Pradesh

Explanation: Andhra Pradesh has mangrove habitats near coastal estuaries, notably in the Godavari and Krishna delta regions. The other states listed are inland. Mangroves thrive where tides affect muddy or silty shorelines and where salinity varies across seasons.

Q99. Which factor largely explains why coastal and inland locations at the same latitude may have different temperature ranges?

[RPF Sub-Inspector, 3 December 2024]

(A) Ocean currents only

(B) Distance from the sea

(D) Altitude alone

Answer: (B) Distance from the sea

Explanation: The sea heats and cools more slowly than land, moderating temperatures in nearby coastal settlements. Inland regions generally experience larger annual temperature ranges. Ocean currents can further modify particular coasts, but proximity to the sea explains the basic contrast.

Q98. Which is a characteristic feature of mangrove forests?

[DSSSB Jail Warder, 18 June 2024]

(A) Adaptation to saline coastal water

(B) Year-round snow cover

(D) Growth only in alpine climates

Answer: (A) Adaptation to saline coastal water

Explanation: Mangrove species possess special adaptations to saline and oxygen-poor tidal soils. Depending on species, these include salt-excluding roots, salt-secreting leaves and aerial roots. Their coastal habitat supports fisheries, stabilises mudflats and reduces wave impacts.

Q97. Consider statements:
1. Coral reefs are called the rainforests of the sea.
2. Coral reefs can reduce destructive wave energy near coasts.

Which assessment is correct?

[APPSC Group-I Preliminary Examination, 17 March 2024]

(A) Both are true and statement 2 correctly explains statement 1

(B) Both are true but statement 2 does not explain statement 1

(D) Statement 1 is false but statement 2 true

Answer: (B) Both are true but statement 2 does not explain statement 1

Explanation: Coral reefs earn the rainforest comparison because of their exceptional biodiversity and ecological complexity. They also dissipate incoming wave energy, protecting shorelines. Coastal protection is a separate function and does not explain the biodiversity-based nickname.

Q96. Which processes help drive ocean currents: wind, Earth’s rotation and underwater earthquakes?

[Bihar School Teacher TRE 3.0, 22 July 2024]

(A) Wind only

(B) Earth’s rotation only

(D) More than one of the above

Answer: (D) More than one of the above

Explanation: Wind supplies energy to surface currents, while Earth’s rotation changes their direction through the Coriolis effect. Earthquakes mainly create exceptional wave disturbances, such as tsunamis, rather than sustained broad ocean currents. Hence multiple listed processes, but not all, are relevant.

Q95. How does ocean acidification generally affect reef-building corals?

[SSC Junior Engineer Civil, 6 June 2024]

(A) It has no measurable effect

(B) It always increases coral growth

(D) It automatically increases coral biodiversity

Answer: (C) It weakens the formation and maintenance of calcium-carbonate skeletons

Explanation: Absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide lowers seawater pH and reduces carbonate-ion availability. This makes skeletal growth harder for many marine organisms, especially corals and shellfish. Acidification compounds the stresses from warming, pollution and unsustainable fishing.

Q94. Which of these is a cold ocean current?

[Uttar Pradesh Police Constable, 31 August 2024]

(A) Gulf Stream

(B) North Atlantic Drift

(D) Labrador Current

Answer: (D) Labrador Current

Explanation: The Labrador Current carries cold water southward along northeastern North America. Where it meets warmer currents, temperature contrasts and nutrient availability can influence fisheries and fog formation. The Gulf Stream, North Atlantic Drift and Kuroshio are warm currents.

Q93. The ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education is located in which city?

[Bihar D.El.Ed Joint Entrance Examination, 3 April 2024]

(A) Kolkata

(B) Jamnagar

(D) Mumbai

Answer: (D) Mumbai

Explanation: The fisheries education institute is based in Mumbai and specialises in advanced training and research in fishery sciences. Skilled fisheries management is essential for responsible exploitation of marine fish stocks, aquaculture development and conservation of aquatic habitats.

Q92. The MISHTI scheme announced in Union Budget 2023–24 mainly concerns which type of vegetation?

[SSC GD Constable, 23 February 2024]

(A) Coniferous forest

(B) All forest types equally

(D) Mangrove forest

Answer: (D) Mangrove forest

Explanation: MISHTI stands for Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes. It seeks to support mangrove plantation and restoration along coasts and salt-pan lands. Mangroves are important for carbon storage, storm protection and aquatic nurseries.

Q91. Which factor does NOT directly determine the temperature distribution of ocean water?

[SSC Selection Post, 20 June 2024]

(A) Distribution of land and water

(B) Latitude

(D) Ocean currents

Answer: (C) Longitude

Explanation: Latitude governs solar heating, land-sea arrangement modifies heat exchange and currents transport warm or cold water. Longitude alone is not an independent primary determinant of seawater temperature. Temperature patterns influence marine habitats and fish distribution.

Q90. Which island of the Andaman–Nicobar group has prominent mangrove vegetation?

[Uttar Pradesh Police Constable, 24 August 2024]

(A) Little Andaman

(B) Little Nicobar

(D) North Andaman

Answer: (D) North Andaman

Explanation: North Andaman contains coastal and creek habitats suitable for mangrove forests. Such forests occupy sheltered shorelines and estuaries, where specialised roots cope with muddy, tidal soils. They provide nursery grounds for aquatic organisms and protect the coastline.

Q89. Which of the following is NOT regarded as a major, well-developed mangrove area?

[DSSSB Jail Warder, 14 June 2024]

(A) Mahanadi delta

(B) Sundarbans

(D) Narmada delta

Answer: (D) Narmada delta

Explanation: Large mangrove tracts are associated with the Sundarbans, some eastern river deltas and the Andaman–Nicobar islands. The Narmada estuary has mangrove vegetation, but it is not usually grouped among India’s major, extensive mangrove regions in the exam’s classification.

Q88. Consider statements:
1. Surface winds produce large circular ocean-current patterns called gyres.
2. Equatorial surface currents generally carry cold water eastward.

Which is correct?

[UPSC CDS-II General Knowledge, 1 September 2024]

(A) Both true and 2 explains 1

(B) Both true but 2 does not explain 1

(D) 1 false, 2 true

Answer: (C) 1 true, 2 false

Explanation: Prevailing winds and the Coriolis effect form large subtropical ocean gyres. The main North and South Equatorial Currents generally flow westward, carrying comparatively warm surface water. An eastward Equatorial Countercurrent occurs between them in some basins.

Q87. Which are characteristics of mangroves?
1. Coastal swamp or mudflat habitat;
2. Exposure to brackish tidal water;
3. Specialised roots in waterlogged soils.

[Bihar School Teacher TRE 3.0, 15 March 2024]

(A) 1 only

(B) 2 only

(D) More than one of the above

Answer: (D) More than one of the above

Explanation: Mangroves thrive in intertidal coastal wetlands, where sediments are often waterlogged and saline. Some species develop aerial breathing roots and other adaptations. These habitats trap sediment, support shellfish and juvenile fish, and lessen coastal erosion.

Q86. In which Indian state are the Sundarbans located?

[DSSSB Jail Warder, 11 June 2024]

(A) West Bengal

(B) Kerala

(D) Odisha

Answer: (A) West Bengal

Explanation: The Indian Sundarbans lie in southern West Bengal within the lower Ganga delta. They are characterised by tidal creeks, saline mud and distinctive mangrove vegetation. The region is important for coastal biodiversity and the livelihoods of fishing communities.

Q85. What does the geographical term ‘archipelago’ mean?

[WBCS Food Sub-Inspector, 16 March 2024]

(A) A shallow part of the sea

(B) A mass of glacial ice

(D) A group or chain of islands

Answer: (D) A group or chain of islands

Explanation: An archipelago is a group of islands situated relatively close together, such as Lakshadweep or Andaman and Nicobar. Island groups may be volcanic, continental or coral in origin and are important for marine biodiversity and maritime jurisdiction.

Q84. Consider statements about the Red Sea:
1. It receives very little precipitation.
2. No river flows into it.

Which statements are correct?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2024]

(A) 1 only

(B) 2 only

(D) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2

Explanation: The Red Sea lies in a hot, arid region with little rainfall and lacks major perennial river inflows. Strong evaporation contributes to high salinity. These conditions shape water density, circulation and specialised reef ecosystems.

Q83. Regarding January isotherm maps, consider:
1. Isotherms bend northward over oceans and southward over continents in the Northern Hemisphere.
2. The Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift are cold currents.

Which statements are correct?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2024]

(A) 1 only

(B) 2 only

(D) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (A) 1 only

Explanation: Oceans retain heat longer through winter, producing poleward bends of isotherms over relatively warm waters compared with continental interiors. The Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift are warm currents, so the second statement is incorrect.

Q82. Which is NOT a major geographical control of climate?

[SSC CGL, 23 September 2024]

(A) Altitude

(B) Latitude

(D) Ocean currents

Answer: (C) Interior of the Earth

Explanation: Ocean currents redistribute heat and influence the temperature and humidity of nearby coasts. Latitude governs incoming solar radiation, and altitude affects air temperature. The Earth’s interior is not a standard direct climatic control in this context.

Q81. The Blue Revolution is associated with increased production in which sector?

[Uttar Pradesh Police Constable, 17 February 2024]

(A) Fisheries

(B) Cotton

(D) Dairy farming

Answer: (A) Fisheries

Explanation: The Blue Revolution refers to expansion and improvement in fish production and aquaculture. Its scope includes inland and marine fisheries, hatcheries, infrastructure and post-harvest handling. Sustainable management is necessary to prevent overexploitation and aquatic habitat damage.

Q80. Consider statements about Lakshadweep:
1. The group comprises small coral islands.
2. It was formerly known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive Islands.
3. It lies close to the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu.

Which are correct?

[CGPSC Preliminary Examination, 11 February 2024]

(A) 1 only

(B) 1 and 2 only

(D) None of the above

Answer: (B) 1 and 2 only

Explanation: Lakshadweep is a coral archipelago in the Arabian Sea off the Malabar Coast, formerly described collectively as the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive Islands. The Coromandel Coast faces the Bay of Bengal, so the third statement is incorrect.

Q79. Which island was formed by volcanic eruption?

[WBCS Mains Paper-III, 18 August 2024]

(A) Narcondam

(B) Lakshadweep

(D) All of the above

Answer: (A) Narcondam

Explanation: Narcondam in the Andaman Sea is volcanic in origin, whereas Lakshadweep and Minicoy are predominantly coral formations. Volcanic islands develop from eruptions and geological processes beneath the sea; coral islands are built chiefly through biological carbonate deposition.

2023 — 29 questions

Q78. The famous mangrove forests of West Bengal are called what?

[SSC Stenographer, 12 October 2023]

(A) Sundarbans

(B) Shisham forests

(D) Sal forests

Answer: (A) Sundarbans

Explanation: The Sundarbans are tidal mangrove forests spread across the delta of the Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna river system. Their saline wetlands support estuarine fish, crabs and other wildlife. Mangrove roots also stabilise sediments and reduce cyclone-related coastal impacts.

Q77. According to India State of Forest Report 2021, approximately 4,992 sq km of India was occupied by which vegetation type?

[SSC Stenographer, 12 October 2023]

(A) Alpine forests

(B) Mangrove forests

(D) Montane forests

Answer: (B) Mangrove forests

Explanation: The India State of Forest Report 2021 recorded approximately 4,992 square kilometres of mangrove cover. These coastal forests occupy only a small part of India’s area but deliver substantial ecological benefits, including blue-carbon storage and marine-fish nursery habitats.

Q76. What is the natural vegetation of the Sundarbans commonly classified as?

[SSC MTS, 4 September 2023]

(A) Tropical thorn forests

(B) Montane forests

(D) Semi-evergreen forests

Answer: (C) Mangrove forests

Explanation: Sundarbans vegetation consists of salt-tolerant mangrove trees and shrubs. Regular tidal inundation, brackish water and muddy sediment distinguish it from upland forests. The ecosystem supports fisheries and provides a protective barrier against cyclones and storm surges.

Q75. Which statement about ocean currents and fishing grounds is correct?

[SSC CHSL, 21 March 2023]

(A) The Labrador Current is a warm current

(B) Convergence of warm and cold currents creates productive fishing grounds

(D) Warm currents always flow from poles to equator

Answer: (B) Convergence of warm and cold currents creates productive fishing grounds

Explanation: Where warm and cold currents interact, mixing and nutrient availability can promote plankton growth, supporting productive fisheries. The Labrador Current is cold. Current directions are not accurately defined by the absolute equator-to-pole rules in the other options.

Q74. The Great Barrier Reef is located off the coast of which country?

[SSC MTS, 5 September 2023]

(A) Switzerland

(B) Australia

(D) Ireland

Answer: (B) Australia

Explanation: The Great Barrier Reef stretches along northeastern Australia in the Coral Sea. It consists of reefs and associated habitats supporting enormous marine biodiversity. Coral bleaching, warming waters and declining water quality threaten its ecological and economic benefits.

Q73. Which combination identifies important regions of India’s mangrove cover?

[MP Forest Guard, 3 June 2023]

(A) Andaman–Nicobar Islands and Sundarbans

(B) Sundarbans and Lakshadweep only

(D) Punjab and Sundarbans

Answer: (A) Andaman–Nicobar Islands and Sundarbans

Explanation: The Sundarbans and Andaman–Nicobar Islands contain important mangrove systems. These tidal forests develop in sheltered coastal wetlands, unlike Punjab’s inland environments or predominantly coral-derived Lakshadweep islands. Mangroves sustain coastal food webs and protect shorelines.

Q72. Which Indian forest is a major mangrove habitat also known for its tiger population?

[SSC Selection Post, 27 June 2023]

(A) Saranda

(B) Molai

(D) Abujmarh

Answer: (C) Sundarbans

Explanation: The Sundarbans support mangrove-adapted wildlife, including Bengal tigers. The intertidal forest also shelters fish, prawns, crabs and birds. Its protection requires attention to sea-level rise, salinity change, river flows and nearby livelihoods.

Q71. Which tree, scientifically known as Heritiera fomes, is closely associated with Sundarbans mangroves?

[SSC CGL, 25 July 2023]

(A) Kachnar

(B) Sundri

(D) Arjun

Answer: (B) Sundri

Explanation: Heritiera fomes is commonly called Sundri and is one of the characteristic mangrove trees of the Sundarbans. Its occurrence depends on suitable salinity and freshwater conditions. Altered river flows and rising salinity can affect mangrove composition.

Q70. Why are extensive coral reefs generally absent from the cold-water western margins of certain continents?

[MPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 4 June 2023]

(A) Cold ocean currents

(B) Trade winds alone

(D) No geographical explanation

Answer: (A) Cold ocean currents

Explanation: Reef-building corals generally require warm, sunlit, relatively clear water. Cold currents along some western continental margins limit their growth and can enhance upwelling instead. Such upwelling zones may support productive fisheries despite lacking tropical coral reefs.

Q69. Broadly, how many categories of forces are used to explain the origin and modification of ocean currents?

[MP Police Constable, 27 August 2023]

(A) Nine

(B) Two

(D) Five

Answer: (B) Two

Explanation: Ocean currents are conventionally explained through primary forces initiating water movement and secondary forces modifying its direction. Winds, gravity and heating act alongside density contrasts and Earth’s rotation. This distinction helps describe the circulation that distributes nutrients and heat.

Q68. Which scheme announced in Union Budget 2023–24 focuses on planting and conserving mangroves along India’s coastline?

[Delhi Development Authority Junior Engineer, 1 April 2023]

(A) MISHTI

(B) UMANG

(D) JUNGAL

Answer: (A) MISHTI

Explanation: The Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes seeks to strengthen mangrove ecosystems along coasts. Mangrove forests protect shorelines, absorb carbon and sustain estuarine fishing resources. Their restoration also requires attention to tidal exchange and ecological suitability.

Q67. Which Indian biosphere reserve includes 21 islands and is particularly rich in marine biodiversity?

[69th BPSC Preliminary Examination, 30 September 2023]

(A) Gulf of Mannar

(B) Nanda Devi

(D) Nilgiri

Answer: (A) Gulf of Mannar

Explanation: The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve in Tamil Nadu includes a chain of 21 islands and extensive marine habitats. Its coral reefs, seagrass beds and fisheries are especially important. The area is also associated with dugongs and other marine organisms.

Q66. Which biosphere reserve consists of 21 islands and is notable for rich coastal and marine biodiversity?

[68th BPSC Preliminary Examination, 12 February 2023]

(A) Sundarbans

(B) Gulf of Mannar

(D) More than one of the above

Answer: (B) Gulf of Mannar

Explanation: The Gulf of Mannar reserve lies between the Indian mainland and Sri Lanka, with 21 islands within its marine park. Coral reefs and seagrass habitats support many fish species, molluscs and the vulnerable dugong.

Q65. Consider these statements:
1. Deserts are terrestrial ecosystems.
2. Coral reefs are aquatic ecosystems.

Which is correct?

[KVS Junior Secretariat Assistant, 4 March 2023]

(A) 1 only

(B) 2 only

(D) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2

Explanation: Deserts are terrestrial environments characterised by sparse rainfall, whereas coral reefs are marine aquatic ecosystems constructed by reef-building organisms. Coral reefs concentrate remarkable biodiversity and support fisheries, even though surrounding tropical seawater can be nutrient-poor.

Q64. Which Indian biosphere reserve supports marine animals such as dugongs and sea turtles?

[SSC CGL, 25 July 2023]

(A) Khangchendzonga

(B) Seshachalam

(D) Gulf of Mannar

Answer: (D) Gulf of Mannar

Explanation: The Gulf of Mannar is a protected marine region with seagrass beds, coral reefs and diverse aquatic fauna. Dugongs feed mainly on seagrasses; turtles also depend on coastal habitats. Conserving these ecosystems supports both biodiversity and sustainable fishing.

Q63. What is a likely effect of climate change on coral reefs?

[MPPSC State Services Preliminary Examination, 21 May 2023]

(A) They become uniformly stronger

(B) They remain entirely unaffected

(D) Their biodiversity always rises

Answer: (C) They become more vulnerable and decline

Explanation: Warming waters can cause coral bleaching when corals lose symbiotic algae. Prolonged heat stress may result in coral death, while ocean acidification makes skeletal growth harder. Declining reefs reduce habitat for fish and weaken coastal protection.

Q62. What is the general classification of ocean currents that transport warm water from low to high latitudes?

[Karnataka Police RSI, 8 January 2023]

(A) Cold currents

(B) Gulf Stream only

(D) Tides

Answer: (C) Warm currents

Explanation: Warm currents carry relatively high-temperature water toward cooler latitudes and can alter coastal weather. Cold currents usually move cooler waters toward warmer regions. Both kinds influence nutrient cycles, fog, marine ecosystems and fishery productivity.

Q61. What length of India’s coastline was traditionally quoted in geography references and in this examination?

[SSC MTS, 2023]

(A) 7,416.6 km

(B) 7,516.6 km

(D) 7,716.6 km

Answer: (B) 7,516.6 km

Explanation: The conventional textbook measurement was 7,516.6 kilometres, including the islands, and this is the answer expected in the original examination. Government coastline figures have subsequently been revised using updated mapping methods, so historical exam answers need their date context.

Q60. The Palk Strait forms part of which ocean’s waters?

[MP Police Constable, 26 August 2023]

(A) Pacific Ocean

(B) Atlantic Ocean

(D) Indian Ocean

Answer: (D) Indian Ocean

Explanation: The Palk Strait lies between southeastern India and northern Sri Lanka, connecting the Bay of Bengal region with the Palk Bay area. Both form part of the Indian Ocean system, significant for navigation, coastal ecology and fisheries.

Q59. Huge sea waves generated by undersea earthquakes or volcanic eruptions are called what?

[MP Forest Guard, 3 June 2023]

(A) Tsunamis

(B) Tropical cyclones

(D) Oceanic tides

Answer: (A) Tsunamis

Explanation: Tsunamis are long-wavelength waves caused mainly by sudden displacement of water during undersea earthquakes, landslides or volcanic events. Near coasts, the waves can grow destructive and threaten ports, fishing settlements and coastal ecosystems.

Q58. In which type of ocean-water movement do water particles describe small, approximately circular paths?

[KVS PGT Geography, 18 February 2023]

(A) Tides

(B) Currents

(D) Waves

Answer: (D) Waves

Explanation: In many surface waves, water particles move in nearly circular orbits while wave energy travels across the sea. Tides involve broad periodic sea-level changes, whereas currents transport seawater along sustained pathways. These motions affect coastal conditions differently.

Q57. Which narrow marine passage separates India and Sri Lanka?

[SSC MTS, 12 September 2023]

(A) Strait of Gibraltar

(B) Dardanelles

(D) Palk Strait

Answer: (D) Palk Strait

Explanation: The Palk Strait lies between Tamil Nadu and northern Sri Lanka. Its shallow waters and nearby island chains influence navigation and fishing. The broader Gulf of Mannar region supports rich marine habitats, including coral reefs and seagrasses.

Q56. Continuous, directed movements of seawater across the ocean surface are called what?

[SSC MTS, 11 May 2023]

(A) Waves

(B) Cyclones

(D) Ocean currents

Answer: (D) Ocean currents

Explanation: Ocean currents are persistent flows of seawater influenced by winds, density differences and Earth’s rotation. Unlike waves or tides, currents transport water over long distances, redistributing heat, nutrients and marine organisms that affect fishing grounds.

Q55. Consider statements:
A. All oceans are connected.
B. Oceans are active only during new and full moons.
C. Waves, tides and currents are principal forms of seawater movement.
D. The Atlantic is the largest ocean.

Which combination is correct?

[KVS Primary Teacher, 21 February 2023]

(A) A and B

(B) B and C

(D) A, B and D

Answer: (C) A and C

Explanation: The global ocean forms an interconnected body of water, and seawater continually moves through waves, tides and currents. Ocean activity is not restricted to lunar phases. The Pacific, rather than the Atlantic, is Earth’s largest ocean.

Q54. What is the tidal lower course of a river, where freshwater meets seawater, called?

[MP Police Constable, 14 August 2023]

(A) Gulf

(B) Estuary

(D) Pocket beach

Answer: (B) Estuary

Explanation: An estuary is a coastal inlet where river freshwater mixes with tidal seawater. Such brackish environments can be highly productive and support fish nurseries, shellfish and mangroves. They are also sensitive to pollution and land reclamation.

Q53. When the Sun, Moon and Earth are roughly in line, which kind of tide generally occurs?

[Delhi Police Constable, 1 December 2023]

(A) Spring tide

(B) Autumn tide

(D) Diurnal tide

Answer: (A) Spring tide

Explanation: Spring tides occur near new and full moons when lunar and solar tidal forces reinforce one another. They produce a greater tidal range, affecting estuaries, coastal navigation, sediment transport and access to intertidal fishing grounds.

Q52. What is an atoll?

[SSC Junior Engineer, 9 October 2023]

(A) A pair of parallel mountain chains

(B) A low, ring-shaped coral island or reef

(D) A gently sloping ocean basin

Answer: (B) A low, ring-shaped coral island or reef

Explanation: An atoll is a roughly ring-shaped coral reef or island enclosing a lagoon, commonly formed around a subsiding volcanic foundation. India’s Lakshadweep includes atolls. Such reef systems harbour marine biodiversity and require protection from bleaching and pollution.

Q51. Match the islands with oceans:
A. Galápagos; B. Canary; C. Diego Garcia; D. New Siberian Islands.
I. Indian; II. Pacific; III. Atlantic; IV. Arctic.

[RPSC Senior Teacher Grade-II, 29 January 2023]

(A) A–II, B–I, C–III, D–IV

(B) A–III, B–II, C–I, D–IV

(D) A–II, B–III, C–I, D–IV

Answer: (D) A–II, B–III, C–I, D–IV

Explanation: The Galápagos are in the Pacific, the Canaries in the Atlantic, Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean and the New Siberian Islands in the Arctic. Such island distributions are relevant to oceanic biodiversity, navigation and geopolitical geography.

Q50. Which wetland landscape was formed by repeated retreat or regression of the sea?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2023]

(A) Bhitarkanika Mangroves

(B) Marakkanam Salt Pans

(D) Rann of Kutch

Answer: (D) Rann of Kutch

Explanation: The Rann of Kutch represents a former marine-influenced basin affected by changes in sea level, river sediments and evaporation. It is now characterised by extensive seasonal salt marshes, linking coastal geomorphology with the region’s salt resources.

2022 — 12 questions

Q49. What is ‘Biorock technology’ often discussed in environmental news?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2022]

(A) A technique for restoring damaged coral reefs

(B) A way to produce construction material from agricultural residue

(D) A method of making salt licks for wildlife

Answer: (A) A technique for restoring damaged coral reefs

Explanation: Biorock uses a weak electrical current through submerged conductive structures, promoting mineral deposition that can aid coral growth under suitable conditions. It is an experimental reef-restoration approach, not a replacement for protecting coral habitats from warming and pollution.

Q48. Which Indian region has the largest area of coral reefs among the following?

[UPSC CDS-II General Knowledge, 4 September 2022]

(A) Gujarat

(B) Tamil Nadu

(D) Lakshadweep

Answer: (C) Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Explanation: The Andaman and Nicobar archipelago contains extensive coral-reef habitats spread across numerous islands. The Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar and Lakshadweep also have important reefs, but their total extent is smaller than that of Andaman and Nicobar.

Q47. Which statements about coral-reef ecosystems are correct?
a. They are ancient marine ecosystems.
b. They have high biological productivity.
c. They support great species diversity.
d. They typically grow in shallow tropical seas.

[MPSC State Services Preliminary Examination, 21 August 2022]

(A) a and b only

(B) a, b and d only

(D) a, b, c and d

Answer: (D) a, b, c and d

Explanation: Coral reefs evolved over long geological periods and create highly productive, diverse marine habitats. Reef-building corals generally require warm, clear, sunlit shallow water. Such ecosystems support fishing, tourism and coastal defence but are vulnerable to climate stress.

Q46. Which factors threaten coral reefs?
1. Destructive or careless fishing.
2. Global warming.

[JKSSB Sub-Inspector, 7 December 2022]

(A) 1 only

(B) 2 only

(D) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2

Explanation: Unsustainable fishing can physically damage reefs and disturb food webs. Warming seas cause coral bleaching and increase disease risk. Pollution and acidification add further pressure, so reef conservation requires both local management and broader climate action.

Q45. Which location is NOT generally recognised as a major coral-reef region of India?

[JKSSB Sub-Inspector, 20 December 2022]

(A) Andaman and Nicobar Islands

(B) Gulf of Mannar

(D) Gulf of Khambhat

Answer: (D) Gulf of Khambhat

Explanation: India’s best-known coral-reef areas include Lakshadweep, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Gulf of Mannar and the Gulf of Kutch. The highly turbid Gulf of Khambhat is not usually counted among these principal reef regions.

Q44. Approximately how long does a complete pair of daily high-tide and low-tide cycles take in the commonly occurring semidiurnal pattern?

[UGC NET Geography, 5 January 2022]

(A) 24 hours

(B) 12 hours

(D) More than 24 hours

Answer: (D) More than 24 hours

Explanation: The lunar tidal day is about 24 hours and 50 minutes, giving roughly two high tides and two low tides at many coasts. Thus a full repeated semidiurnal pattern extends slightly beyond 24 solar hours and reflects the Moon’s orbital motion.

Q43. Which strait separates the Indian mainland from Sri Lanka?

[OSSC Combined Graduate Level, 13 October 2022]

(A) Ten Degree Channel

(B) Palk Strait

(D) Strait of Hormuz

Answer: (B) Palk Strait

Explanation: The Palk Strait is a shallow marine passage between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. Its tidal waters, sediments and nearby reef-associated environments are important to fisheries and navigation, while limiting passage for large deep-draught vessels.

Q42. Approximately what percentage of global fish production was attributed to India in the referenced 2020 statistics?

[RRB NTPC CBT-II, 13 June 2022]

(A) 15.7%

(B) 7.7%

(D) 6.7%

Answer: (B) 7.7%

Explanation: The examination used a global fish-production estimate placing India’s contribution at approximately 7.7 per cent. Such figures change as aquaculture and capture fisheries develop, so the answer applies to the statistical reference period rather than all subsequent years.

Q41. In which state was India’s first Marine National Park established?

[OSSC Combined Graduate Level, 11 October 2022]

(A) Gujarat

(B) West Bengal

(D) Meghalaya

Answer: (A) Gujarat

Explanation: India’s first Marine National Park is in the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat. It protects coral reefs, islands, mangroves and intertidal habitats. Conservation of such areas is essential for marine biodiversity and the long-term productivity of coastal resources.

Q40. Which of the following is a Ramsar wetland site in Odisha?

[OSSC Combined Graduate Level, 11 October 2022]

(A) Harike

(B) Bhitarkanika

(D) Thol

Answer: (B) Bhitarkanika

Explanation: Bhitarkanika is a coastal mangrove wetland in Odisha and a Ramsar site. Its estuarine system supports saltwater crocodiles, diverse birdlife and aquatic species. Ramsar designation recognises wetlands of international ecological significance and encourages wise use.

Q39. Which state among the following has a major area of mangrove forest?

[RRB Group D, 18 August 2022]

(A) Nagaland

(B) Telangana

(D) West Bengal

Answer: (D) West Bengal

Explanation: West Bengal has the Indian Sundarbans, among the country’s largest mangrove areas. These tidal forests support fisheries and coastal biodiversity while protecting adjacent land from erosion and storm-driven flooding. Their stability depends on sediment and freshwater supplies.

Q38. Which of the following constitutes the largest ecosystem on Earth?

[WBCS Mains Paper-IV, May 2022]

(A) Ocean

(B) River

(D) Grassland

Answer: (A) Ocean

Explanation: The interconnected oceans cover more than seventy per cent of Earth’s surface and form its largest ecosystem. They support marine life, regulate climate through heat storage and carbon cycling, and supply fish and other resources used by coastal communities.

2021 — 5 questions

Q37. Consider statements:
1. The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters.
2. India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters.
3. Rare-earth minerals are found on the seafloor in international waters.

Which are correct?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2021]

(A) 1 and 2 only

(B) 2 and 3 only

(D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (B) 2 and 3 only

Explanation: The International Seabed Authority, not the Global Ocean Commission, administers mineral exploration in the international seabed area. India holds exploration contracts, and deep-sea deposits can contain rare-earth elements. Therefore statements 2 and 3 are correct.

Q36. Consider statements:
1. In tropical oceans, western sections are generally warmer than eastern sections because of trade winds.
2. In temperate oceans, westerlies help make eastern sections relatively warmer.

Which statements are correct?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2021]

(A) 1 only

(B) 2 only

(D) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (C) Both 1 and 2

Explanation: Trade winds push warm surface water westward in tropical basins, while prevailing westerlies influence circulation at middle latitudes. These patterns generate sea-temperature contrasts, affect ocean-atmosphere exchange and shape the distribution of major fishing regions.

Q35. The Marine National Park in the Gulf of Kutch lies in which Indian state?

[RRB NTPC CBT-I, 13 March 2021]

(A) Tamil Nadu

(B) Maharashtra

(D) Kerala

Answer: (C) Gujarat

Explanation: The Gulf of Kutch Marine National Park lies along Gujarat’s western coastline near Jamnagar. The protected waters contain coral reefs, mangroves, mudflats and islands. Conservation management helps maintain food chains and protect sensitive intertidal habitats.

Q34. Which of the following is regarded as the world’s largest contiguous mangrove forest?

[SSC MTS, 7 October 2021]

(A) Godavari–Krishna delta

(B) Pichavaram

(D) Sundarbans

Answer: (D) Sundarbans

Explanation: The Sundarbans form a vast continuous mangrove landscape across India and Bangladesh. They are shaped by river discharge, tides and salinity. Mangroves provide habitat for estuarine organisms and form a natural barrier against coastal storms.

Q33. Variation among ecosystems such as deserts, rainforests, coral reefs and mangrove forests represents which type of biodiversity?

[SSC CGL, 16 August 2021]

(A) Ecosystem diversity

(B) Cultural diversity

(D) Genetic diversity only

Answer: (A) Ecosystem diversity

Explanation: Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of habitats and ecological systems within a region or on Earth. Coral reefs and mangroves are distinct marine or coastal ecosystems, each supporting specialised organisms and providing different ecological services.

2020 — 2 questions

Q32. With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), consider:
1. OMT is measured up to 129 metres in the southwest Indian Ocean during January–March.
2. OMT collected in January–March can help predict the Indian summer monsoon.

Which statements are correct?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2020]

(A) 1 only

(B) 2 only

(D) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (B) 2 only

Explanation: Upper-ocean heat content is relevant to monsoon prediction because the sea stores and releases energy. The precise depth and region given in the first statement are incorrect, while earlier-season ocean temperature information can contribute to monsoon forecasting.

Q31. Which Indian state had the greatest area of mangrove forests among the listed options?

[Karnataka SET Geography, 2020]

(A) Madhya Pradesh

(B) Gujarat

(D) Karnataka

Answer: (C) West Bengal

Explanation: West Bengal contains the Sundarbans, a large mangrove tract along the Bay of Bengal. Coastal mangroves occupy saline, tidal wetlands and provide nursery habitats for fish. Their cover can change with erosion, sea level and land-use pressure.

2019 — 6 questions

Q30. Which ocean is the deepest in the world?

[RPF Constable, 14 February 2019]

(A) Southern Ocean

(B) Indian Ocean

(D) Pacific Ocean

Answer: (D) Pacific Ocean

Explanation: The Pacific Ocean contains the Mariana Trench and Challenger Deep, Earth’s greatest known ocean depth. Deep oceans hold biological and mineral resources that remain incompletely studied. Pressure, darkness and low temperatures make their exploration technically demanding.

Q29. Which of the following seas has especially high salinity?

[RPF Constable, 19 February 2019]

(A) Antarctic seas

(B) Baltic Sea

(D) Mediterranean Sea

Answer: (D) Mediterranean Sea

Explanation: The Mediterranean has relatively high salinity because evaporation is intense and freshwater input is limited compared with the water lost. Water exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar and density differences influence circulation and marine conditions.

Q28. Which Indian location offers significant potential for tidal-energy generation?

[HPSC Assistant Professor Geography, 22 May 2019]

(A) Gulf of Khambhat

(B) Palk Strait

(D) Chilika Lake

Answer: (A) Gulf of Khambhat

Explanation: The Gulf of Khambhat has a large tidal range and funnel-shaped coastline, which have long made it a candidate for tidal-energy development. Any infrastructure must be assessed against impacts on marine sediment, coastal ecosystems and navigation.

Q27. The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is situated in which state?

[RRB Junior Engineer, 1 September 2019]

(A) Karnataka

(B) Gujarat

(D) Andhra Pradesh

Answer: (C) Tamil Nadu

Explanation: The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park lies along the Tamil Nadu coast and includes a chain of protected islands. Its habitats include seagrass beds and coral reefs, important for fish populations, dugongs and coastal biodiversity.

Q26. Which present-day ocean is widely regarded as the principal remnant of the ancient Panthalassa Ocean?

[RPSC Second Grade Teacher, 19 February 2019]

(A) Atlantic Ocean

(B) Pacific Ocean

(D) Arctic Ocean

Answer: (B) Pacific Ocean

Explanation: Panthalassa was the enormous ocean surrounding the supercontinent Pangaea. Much of its basin evolved into today’s Pacific Ocean. Geological plate movements continually open and close ocean basins, shaping seafloor resources and marine habitats.

Q25. In which of the following states are the Sundarbans mangrove forests located?

[CGPSC State Services Prelims 2018 Cycle, 17 February 2019]

(A) Gujarat

(B) West Bengal

(D) Andhra Pradesh

Answer: (B) West Bengal

Explanation: The Sundarbans occupy the lower Bengal delta and extend into Bangladesh, with the Indian part in West Bengal. Their tidal mangroves shelter fish and crustaceans, trap sediment and buffer cyclones. The 2018 recruitment-cycle paper was held in February 2019.

2018 — 5 questions

Q24. Consider statements about coral reefs:
1. Most are in tropical waters.
2. More than one-third of the world’s reefs lie in Australia, Indonesia and the Philippines.
3. They contain more animal phyla than tropical rainforests.

Which are correct?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2018]

(A) 1 and 2 only

(B) 3 only

(D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (D) 1, 2 and 3

Explanation: Warm, shallow tropical waters support most reef-building corals. Coral reefs are exceptionally diverse and concentrated in parts of the Indo-Pacific, including Australia, Indonesia and the Philippines. Their structure creates numerous specialised habitats despite occupying little ocean area.

Q23. Which ecosystem is regarded as especially stable among the listed choices?

[UPPSC Combined State/Upper Subordinate Services Prelims, 2018]

(A) Marine ecosystem

(B) Forest ecosystem

(D) Desert ecosystem

Answer: (A) Marine ecosystem

Explanation: The global marine ecosystem is vast and interconnected, which can buffer some environmental fluctuations across space. Nevertheless, specific marine habitats such as coral reefs and mangroves can be fragile and highly susceptible to climate and pollution pressures.

Q22. Which strait lies between India and Sri Lanka?

[Uttar Pradesh Police Constable, 18 June 2018]

(A) Gulf of Mannar

(B) Gulf of Aqaba

(D) Palk Strait

Answer: (D) Palk Strait

Explanation: The Palk Strait separates southeastern India from northern Sri Lanka. Its relatively shallow waters and nearby island chains shape fisheries and navigation. The Gulf of Mannar lies farther southwest and is known for marine biodiversity.

Q21. The Mariana Trench is located in which ocean?

[RPF Sub-Inspector, 24 December 2018]

(A) Atlantic Ocean

(B) Indian Ocean

(D) Pacific Ocean

Answer: (D) Pacific Ocean

Explanation: The Mariana Trench lies in the western Pacific Ocean and contains the Challenger Deep. Extreme depth creates a unique environment with high pressure and no sunlight. Such habitats are important for understanding deep-sea organisms and geology.

Q20. Which is a warm ocean current?

[Uttar Pradesh LT Grade Geography, 2018]

(A) Brazil Current

(B) Canary Current

(D) Benguela Current

Answer: (A) Brazil Current

Explanation: The Brazil Current carries warm water southward along eastern South America. The Canary, Labrador and Benguela currents are predominantly cold. Ocean-temperature contrasts influence fisheries, marine productivity and the climate of neighbouring coastal regions.

2017 — 5 questions

Q19. At which Indian beach does the sea retreat unusually far during low tide, allowing visitors to walk across the exposed seabed?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2017]

(A) Bhavnagar

(B) Bheemunipatnam

(D) Nagapattinam

Answer: (C) Chandipur

Explanation: Chandipur beach in Odisha is famous for its conspicuous recession of seawater during low tide. The exposed intertidal zone changes with tidal cycles, illustrating how gravitational forces and local coastal topography affect the shoreline.

Q18. Which of these locations is associated with coral formations in Indian seas?

[MPPEB Examination, 11 January 2017]

(A) Rameswaram

(B) Ujjain

(D) Madurai

Answer: (A) Rameswaram

Explanation: Rameswaram lies near the Gulf of Mannar, where coral reefs occur in shallow marine waters. Ujjain, Rajasthan and Madurai are inland locations. Reefs contribute to biodiversity, fisheries habitat and coastal protection in suitable warm-sea environments.

Q17. Which phenomenon is a major cause of coral bleaching?

[MPPSC Assistant Professor Geography, 2017]

(A) Cold currents alone

(B) Ocean pollution alone

(D) Higher salinity alone

Answer: (C) Global warming and marine heat stress

Explanation: Coral bleaching occurs when environmental stress, especially sustained high seawater temperature, causes corals to expel or lose symbiotic algae. The resulting loss of colour also reduces energy supply and can lead to mortality if stressful conditions persist.

Q16. Which ocean-current pair is INCORRECTLY matched with its temperature category?

[RPSC Preliminary Examination, 2017]

(A) Benguela—cold

(B) Canary—warm

(D) Humboldt—cold

Answer: (B) Canary—warm

Explanation: The Canary Current is a cold eastern-boundary current of the North Atlantic. Benguela and Humboldt are also cold, whereas Agulhas is warm. These patterns strongly affect coastal productivity through upwelling and influence regional weather.

Q15. Nekton are best described as which aquatic organisms?

[WBCS Preliminary Examination, 2017]

(A) Organisms floating passively with water

(B) Organisms that actively swim in water

(D) Submerged rooted plants

Answer: (B) Organisms that actively swim in water

Explanation: Nekton include active swimmers such as fish, squid and marine mammals, which can move against currents. Plankton largely drift with the water, while benthic organisms live on or in the seabed. These categories help describe marine food webs.

2016 — 2 questions

Q14. Which of the following currents does NOT belong to the Pacific Ocean?

[UKPSC Examination, 2016]

(A) Canary Current

(B) Kuroshio Current

(D) Humboldt Current

Answer: (A) Canary Current

Explanation: The Canary Current flows in the northeastern Atlantic along northwestern Africa. Kuroshio, California and Humboldt are Pacific current systems. Understanding their location helps explain marine heat transport, upwelling and productive fishing grounds.

Q13. Which ocean current flows along the northwestern coast of Africa?

[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti TGT, 2016]

(A) Falkland Current

(B) Benguela Current

(D) Agulhas Current

Answer: (C) Canary Current

Explanation: The Canary Current flows southwestward along northwest Africa and is generally cold. Coastal upwelling associated with this eastern Atlantic boundary enhances nutrients and plankton, creating productive marine fisheries in the surrounding region.

2015 — 3 questions

Q12. Which factors are responsible for ocean tides?
1. Gravitational attraction of the Sun;
2. Gravitational attraction of the Moon;
3. Centrifugal force associated with the Earth–Moon system.

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2015]

(A) 1 only

(B) 2 and 3 only

(D) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (D) 1, 2 and 3

Explanation: Tides arise mainly from the differential gravitational pull of the Moon and, to a lesser extent, the Sun, together with inertial effects in the Earth–Moon system. Their timing and range are important for intertidal ecosystems and coastal operations.

Q11. What explains the eastward movement of the Equatorial Countercurrent?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2015]

(A) Earth’s rotation alone

(B) Convergence and accumulation of water driven westward by equatorial currents

(D) Equatorial calm conditions alone

Answer: (B) Convergence and accumulation of water driven westward by equatorial currents

Explanation: North and South Equatorial Currents push surface water westward, creating a sea-level and pressure gradient. Part of the accumulated water then returns eastward as the Equatorial Countercurrent. This circulation influences tropical ocean temperature and nutrient patterns.

Q10. Which of these protected areas is a Marine National Park?

[UPPSC Combined State/Upper Subordinate Services Preliminary Examination, 2015]

(A) Bhitarkanika

(B) Sundarbans

(D) Gulf of Mannar

Answer: (D) Gulf of Mannar

Explanation: The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park in Tamil Nadu protects islands and shallow coastal habitats, including coral reefs and seagrasses. Bhitarkanika and Sundarbans are mainly associated with mangrove landscapes, while Gahirmatha is a marine sanctuary.

2014 — 1 questions

Q9. In which of these places are coral reefs found?
1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands;
2. Gulf of Kutch;
3. Gulf of Mannar;
4. Sundarbans.

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2014]

(A) 1, 2 and 3 only

(B) 2 and 4 only

(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: (A) 1, 2 and 3 only

Explanation: India’s major coral-reef regions include Andaman and Nicobar, the Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar and Lakshadweep. Sundarbans are primarily mangrove tidal wetlands, not a major coral-reef area, so the fourth location is excluded.

2013 — 2 questions

Q8. Why are the world’s most productive fishing grounds often found where certain ocean currents meet?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2013]

(A) Meeting of warm and cold air currents

(B) Discharge of rivers alone

(D) Irregular continental shelves alone

Answer: (C) Meeting of warm and cold ocean currents

Explanation: Convergence of contrasting currents can enhance vertical mixing and biological productivity, providing nutrients for plankton and fish. Additional factors include continental shelves and upwelling. Such zones have historically supported important commercial fisheries.

Q7. The Great Barrier Reef is located near which coast?

[RPSC Assistant Engineer, 2013]

(A) Eastern New Zealand

(B) Northeastern Australia

(D) Southeastern Africa

Answer: (B) Northeastern Australia

Explanation: The Great Barrier Reef parallels Australia’s northeastern coast in the Coral Sea. Its large reef network supports diverse marine species and tourism. Coral bleaching, poor water quality and storms threaten the integrity of this marine resource.

2012 — 1 questions

Q6. Which factors affect the movement of ocean currents?
1. Rotation of the Earth;
2. Prevailing winds and air pressure;
3. Density differences in seawater;
4. Revolution of the Earth around the Sun.

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2012]

(A) 1 and 2 only

(B) 1, 2 and 3 only

(D) 2, 3 and 4 only

Answer: (B) 1, 2 and 3 only

Explanation: Currents respond to wind, pressure patterns and density gradients, while Earth’s rotation deflects their paths. Earth’s annual revolution is not treated as a principal immediate driver of ocean circulation. These processes distribute oceanic heat and nutrients.

2004 — 1 questions

Q5. Which statement about tides and tidal waterways is NOT correct?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2004]

(A) Gulfs with a narrow mouth and a broad interior always experience the highest tides

(B) Tidal currents may be strong in narrow channels

(D) Kolkata is a tidal port on the Hooghly

Answer: (A) Gulfs with a narrow mouth and a broad interior always experience the highest tides

Explanation: Tidal amplification depends on resonance, basin depth and geometry, not simply on having a narrow mouth and broad inner gulf. Narrow channels may accelerate tidal flow, and tidal bores occur in some estuaries. Kolkata’s Hooghly channel is tide-influenced.

2002 — 4 questions

Q4. Which of the following had the highest value among India’s agricultural exports during 1997–2000?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2002]

(A) Cereals

(B) Marine products

(D) Tea

Answer: (B) Marine products

Explanation: Marine products were the leading category among the listed export groups during the period specified in the question. Seafood exports illustrate the economic significance of fisheries, processing and cold chains, although rankings change over time with prices and trade patterns.

Q3. Which of the following is NOT a lagoon?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2002]

(A) Ashtamudi Lake

(B) Chilika Lake

(D) Pulicat Lake

Answer: (C) Periyar Lake

Explanation: Chilika, Pulicat and Ashtamudi are coastal or backwater systems with lagoon characteristics and connections to marine environments. Periyar Lake is an inland artificial reservoir in Kerala, so it does not belong to the coastal lagoon group.

Q2. Which statements about ocean currents are correct?
1. They are slow movements confined to the ocean surface.
2. They help maintain Earth’s heat balance.
3. They are primarily influenced by prevailing winds.
4. Ocean-basin configuration affects their direction.

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2002]

(A) 1 and 2 only

(B) 2, 3 and 4 only

(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: (B) 2, 3 and 4 only

Explanation: The first assertion is wrong because currents occur at depth as well as at the surface. Currents redistribute heat, surface circulation responds strongly to winds, and basin geometry guides their paths. Thus statements 2, 3 and 4 hold.

Q1. The coast of which Indian state is famous for mass nesting of Olive ridley sea turtles?

[UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination, 2002]

(A) Goa

(B) Gujarat

(D) Tamil Nadu

Answer: (C) Odisha

Explanation: Odisha’s Gahirmatha coastline is a major nesting area for Olive ridley sea turtles. Their mass nesting, known as arribada, makes the region important for marine-wildlife conservation. Fishing operations near nesting and migration routes need appropriate safeguards.

2025 — 25 questions

2024 — 22 questions

2023 — 29 questions

2022 — 12 questions

2021 — 5 questions

2020 — 2 questions

2019 — 6 questions

2018 — 5 questions

2017 — 5 questions

2016 — 2 questions

2015 — 3 questions

2014 — 1 questions

2013 — 2 questions

2012 — 1 questions

2004 — 1 questions

2002 — 4 questions

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Mineral Resources of India

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