Q70. Match the sources with hormones: (A) heart, (B) kidney, (C) gastrointestinal tract, (D) adrenal cortex;
(I) erythropoietin, (II) aldosterone, (III) ANF, (IV) secretin.
[NEET 2025, Biology]
(A) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(B) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
(C) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(D) A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
Answer: (A) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
Explanation: Heart atrial cells release atrial natriuretic factor; kidneys produce erythropoietin, which stimulates red-cell production. The intestine secretes secretin to regulate pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, and adrenal cortical zona glomerulosa cells produce aldosterone for salt balance.
Q69. Diabetes mellitus is most directly associated with dysfunction of which organ?
[UPPSC PCS Preliminary Examination 2024]
(A) Gall bladder
(B) Liver
(C) Kidney
(D) Pancreas
Answer: (D) Pancreas
Explanation: The pancreas contains insulin-producing beta cells that regulate blood glucose. Type 1 diabetes results mainly from beta-cell destruction; type 2 combines insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Although diabetes affects kidneys and liver, the pancreatic endocrine system is central.
Q68. Hypersecretion of adrenal glucocorticoids is associated with which disorder?
[MHT-CET Biology, 22 April 2024, Morning Shift]
(A) Cushing syndrome
(B) Addison disease
(C) Graves disease
(D) Haemophilia
Answer: (A) Cushing syndrome
Explanation: Prolonged glucocorticoid excess produces Cushing syndrome, characterised by such features as central weight gain, muscle weakness and hyperglycaemia. Addison disease denotes primary adrenal insufficiency. Graves disease causes autoimmune hyperthyroidism; haemophilia is an inherited coagulation disorder.
Q67. What are the islets of Langerhans?
[MHT-CET Biology, 22 April 2024, Morning Shift]
(A) Clusters of endocrine cells in pancreas
(B) Thyroid stromal cells
(C) Star-shaped glial cells
(D) Grey masses in spinal white matter
Answer: (A) Clusters of endocrine cells in pancreas
Explanation: Pancreatic islets contain endocrine beta, alpha and delta cells that release insulin, glucagon and somatostatin into blood. The surrounding acinar pancreas produces digestive enzymes through ducts. The islets therefore explain the organ’s hormone-secreting function.
Q66. Which pair of hormones is NOT generally considered an antagonistic pair?
[MHT-CET Biology, 22 April 2024, Morning Shift]
(A) Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
(B) Glucagon and insulin
(C) Atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone
(D) Oestrogen and progesterone
Answer: (D) Oestrogen and progesterone
Explanation: Calcitonin and PTH exert broadly opposing effects on calcium balance; insulin and glucagon oppose each other in glucose regulation; ANP promotes salt loss while aldosterone promotes salt retention. Oestrogen and progesterone have distinct, often complementary reproductive functions.
Q65. Match (i) oxytocin, (ii) melatonin, (iii) catecholamines, (iv) calcitonin
with (a) adrenal medulla, (b) thyroid, (c) pineal, (d) hypothalamus.
[MHT-CET Biology, 22 April 2024, Evening Shift]
(A) i-a, ii-c, iii-d, iv-b
(B) i-d, ii-a, iii-b, iv-c
(C) i-d, ii-c, iii-a, iv-b
(D) i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b
Answer: (C) i-d, ii-c, iii-a, iv-b
Explanation: Oxytocin is synthesised in the hypothalamus, melatonin in the pineal gland, catecholamines such as adrenaline in the adrenal medulla, and calcitonin in thyroid parafollicular C cells. Distinguishing production from storage or release is especially important for oxytocin.
Q64. Match (i) hCG, (ii) CCK, (iii) ICSH, (iv) MSH
with (a) anterior pituitary, (b) placenta, (c) pars intermedia, (d) intestinal mucosa.
[MHT-CET Biology, 22 April 2024, Evening Shift]
(A) i-b, ii-c, iii-d, iv-a
(B) i-b, ii-d, iii-a, iv-c
(C) i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c
(D) i-d, ii-b, iii-c, iv-a
Answer: (B) i-b, ii-d, iii-a, iv-c
Explanation: Placental trophoblast tissue produces hCG. Intestinal endocrine cells release cholecystokinin, abbreviated CCK. ICSH is another name for LH in males, secreted by the anterior pituitary. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is associated with the pituitary pars intermedia.
Q63. Match diseases to hormone disturbances: (A) exophthalmic goitre, (B) acromegaly, (C) Cushing syndrome, (D) congenital severe hypothyroidism,
with (I) cortisol excess, (II) thyroid deficiency in development, (III) hyperthyroidism with eye signs, (IV) growth-hormone excess.
[NEET 2024, Biology]
(A) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(B) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(C) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
(D) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
Answer: (A) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Explanation: Graves hyperthyroidism may cause exophthalmos; excessive adult growth hormone causes acromegaly. Cushing syndrome reflects glucocorticoid excess, while severe untreated thyroid-hormone deficiency in early development can impair growth and cognition. These disorders illustrate secretion abnormalities across glands.
Q62. Which pair represents the smallest and largest endocrine glands in humans, respectively, as used in standard general-science examinations?
[WBCS Executive Preliminary Examination 2023]
(A) Pituitary and thyroid
(B) Thyroid and pituitary
(C) Pineal body and ovary
(D) Pineal body and thyroid
Answer: (D) Pineal body and thyroid
Explanation: The pineal gland is a very small structure near the roof of the third ventricle and releases melatonin. The thyroid is the largest purely endocrine gland in adults. The pancreas is larger but is a mixed endocrine–exocrine organ.
Q61. Which single term includes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and adrenaline?
[WBCS Executive Preliminary Examination 2023]
(A) Mineralocorticoids
(B) Adrenaline
(C) Suprarenal gland
(D) Glucocorticoids
Answer: (C) Suprarenal gland
Explanation: Suprarenal is another name for the adrenal gland located above the kidney. Its cortex secretes mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids; its medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline. The listed hormones therefore belong to different regions of the same organ.
