Q200. Which Buddhist text contains stories concerning the previous births of Gautama Buddha?
[RRB NTPC – 2026]
A. Jataka Tales
B. Sutta Pitaka
C. Dhammapada
D. Vinaya Pitaka
Answer: A. Jataka Tales
Explanation: The Jatakas narrate the Buddha’s previous births in human and animal forms. They illustrate virtues such as generosity, compassion, sacrifice and wisdom through moral stories.
Q199. Which part of the Buddhist canon principally records the discourses and teachings attributed to the Buddha?
[RRB NTPC – 2026]
A. Vinaya Pitaka
B. Sutta Pitaka
C. Abhidhamma Pitaka
D. Milinda Panha
Answer: B. Sutta Pitaka
Explanation: The Sutta Pitaka contains sermons, dialogues and teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha and his leading disciples. It forms one of the three divisions of the Tripitaka.
Q198. Rules governing the conduct and discipline of Buddhist monks and nuns are contained in which Pitaka?
[RRB NTPC – 2026]
A. Anguttara Nikaya
B. Abhidhamma Pitaka
C. Sutta Pitaka
D. Vinaya Pitaka
Answer: D. Vinaya Pitaka
Explanation: The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules governing the Buddhist Sangha. Tradition associates its recital at the First Buddhist Council with the Buddha’s disciple Upali.
Q197. According to early Buddhist literature, approximately how many villages were said to exist in Magadha during Bimbisara’s reign?
[RRB NTPC – 2026]
A. 20,000
B. 40,000
C. 80,000
D. 1,00,000
Answer: C. 80,000
Explanation: Early Buddhist texts describe Bimbisara’s Magadha as containing about 80,000 villages, indicating the kingdom’s extensive agrarian base and growing political importance in the sixth century BCE.
Q196. The rise of Buddhism and Jainism in the sixth century BCE was partly a reaction against which feature of contemporary religious life?
[SSC GD – 2026]
A. Maritime trade
B. Elaborate Vedic rituals
C. Urban administration
D. Coinage
Answer: B. Elaborate Vedic rituals
Explanation: Buddhism and Jainism challenged costly sacrificial rituals, Brahmanical ritual authority and social inequalities. Both emphasised ethical conduct and personal spiritual effort rather than elaborate sacrifices.
Q195. What was a principal objective of Ashoka’s policy of Dhamma?
[SSC GD – 2026]
A. Compulsory conversion to Buddhism
B. Military expansion
C. Ethical conduct and social harmony
D. Abolition of agriculture
Answer: C. Ethical conduct and social harmony
Explanation: Ashoka’s Dhamma promoted compassion, respect for elders, tolerance among sects, humane treatment and social harmony. It was an ethical policy rather than compulsory Buddhist conversion.
Q194. The sculptured gateways of the Great Stupa at Sanchi prominently depict stories from which literature?
[SSC MTS – 2026]
A. Vedas
B. Ramayana
C. Jain Agamas
D. Jataka tales
Answer: D. Jataka tales
Explanation: Sanchi’s toranas contain extensive narrative reliefs from the Jatakas, describing earlier lives of the Buddha while conveying Buddhist ideals through symbolic and narrative art.
Q193. Which Buddhist pilgrimage site in Uttar Pradesh marks Gautama Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana?
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Kushinagar
B. Sarnath
C. Bodh Gaya
D. Rajgir
Answer: A. Kushinagar
Explanation: Kushinagar, ancient Kushinara, is traditionally regarded as the place where Buddha died and entered Mahaparinirvana. It is one of Buddhism’s four principal pilgrimage sites.
Q192. The Mahaparinirvana Temple at Kushinagar is situated in which Indian state?
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Bihar
B. Madhya Pradesh
C. Uttar Pradesh
D. Odisha
Answer: C. Uttar Pradesh
Explanation: Kushinagar is located in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Its Mahaparinirvana Temple houses the famous reclining Buddha image commemorating the Buddha’s final passing away.
Q191. Buddha images of the ancient Mathura school were characteristically carved from which stone?
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Black basalt
B. Red sandstone
C. White marble
D. Grey schist
Answer: B. Red sandstone
Explanation: The Mathura school characteristically employed mottled red sandstone. Its Buddha images developed an indigenous sculptural idiom distinct from the grey-schist, Greco-Roman-influenced Gandhara tradition.
Q190. Which was a characteristic architectural feature of early Buddhist chaitya halls?
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Pyramidal gopurams
B. Apsidal plans and vaulted roofs
C. Islamic arches
D. Tall Nagara shikharas
Answer: B. Apsidal plans and vaulted roofs
Explanation: Early chaityas were congregational worship halls, generally with apsidal ends, barrel-vaulted roofs, rows of pillars and a stupa placed at the far end.
Q189. Which Buddhist festival commemorates Buddha’s birth, enlightenment and Mahaparinirvana?
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Magha Puja
B. Vesak
C. Kathina
D. Losar
Answer: B. Vesak
Explanation: Vesak, or Buddha Purnima, traditionally commemorates three central events associated with Gautama Buddha: his birth at Lumbini, enlightenment at Bodh Gaya and Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar.
Q188. Which architectural development became especially prominent with Mahayana Buddhism?
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Complete rejection of religious imagery
B. Large anthropomorphic Buddha images
C. Absence of monasteries
D. Destruction of stupas
Answer: B. Large anthropomorphic Buddha images
Explanation: Mahayana Buddhism encouraged devotional worship of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, helping anthropomorphic Buddha images become increasingly prominent in Buddhist religious architecture and sculpture.
Q187. The Dhamek Stupa at Sarnath commemorates which major event in Buddha’s life?
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Birth
B. Enlightenment
C. First sermon
D. Mahaparinirvana
Answer: C. First sermon
Explanation: Sarnath is associated with Buddha’s first sermon, known as Dharmachakra Pravartana, when he taught the Middle Way and Four Noble Truths to five former companions.
Q186. The surviving Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya is especially notable as an early monumental structure constructed primarily from:
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Timber
B. Granite
C. Brick
D. Marble
Answer: C. Brick
Explanation: The Mahabodhi Temple is one of India’s outstanding early brick-built Buddhist monuments. It marks the site traditionally associated with Gautama Buddha’s enlightenment.
Q185. Which Mauryan ruler originally commissioned the Great Stupa at Sanchi?
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Bindusara
B. Ashoka
C. Chandragupta Maurya
D. Dasharatha
Answer: B. Ashoka
Explanation: Emperor Ashoka originally commissioned a brick stupa at Sanchi in the third century BCE. It was enlarged and embellished during subsequent Shunga and Satavahana periods.
Q184. Which monument represents one of the greatest achievements of ancient Buddhist rock-cut architecture and painting?
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Ajanta Caves
B. Brihadeshwara Temple
C. Dilwara Temples
D. Shore Temple
Answer: A. Ajanta Caves
Explanation: Ajanta contains Buddhist chaityas and viharas excavated over several centuries. Its murals, sculptures and rock-cut architecture constitute exceptional achievements of ancient Indian Buddhist art.
Q183. According to the Mahaparinibbana Sutta, stupas commemorating a universal monarch were to be erected at:
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. River confluences
B. Four crossroads
C. Mountain peaks
D. Royal palaces
Answer: B. Four crossroads
Explanation: The Mahaparinibbana Sutta describes funerary honours appropriate to a Buddha and universal monarch, including the erection of a memorial stupa at a prominent crossroads.
Q182. The famous Amaravati Stupa was situated near which river?
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Godavari
B. Krishna
C. Narmada
D. Kaveri
Answer: B. Krishna
Explanation: Amaravati, an important ancient Buddhist centre in Andhra Pradesh, developed near the Krishna River. Its great stupa became renowned for elaborate limestone narrative sculptures.
Q181. Which group of vernacular languages enabled teachers such as Buddha and Mahavira to communicate with ordinary people?
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Persian
B. Prakrit
C. Classical Greek
D. Tamil only
Answer: B. Prakrit
Explanation: Prakrit languages represented widely spoken Middle Indo-Aryan vernaculars. Buddhist and Jain teachers preferred accessible speech rather than restricting their message to elite Vedic Sanskrit.
Q180. The original Great Stupa at Sanchi was built under the patronage of:
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Harsha
B. Kanishka
C. Ashoka
D. Samudragupta
Answer: C. Ashoka
Explanation: Ashoka’s patronage helped establish Sanchi as an important Buddhist centre. The original Mauryan brick stupa was subsequently enlarged and furnished with railings and gateways.
Q179. Kesaria, famous for an enormous ancient Buddhist stupa, is situated in which state?
[DSSSB MTS – 2026]
A. Maharashtra
B. Bihar
C. Odisha
D. Karnataka
Answer: B. Bihar
Explanation: Kesaria Stupa is located in East Champaran district of Bihar. The archaeological monument is associated with the Buddhist tradition and ranks among India’s largest ancient stupas.
Q178. Buddhism became firmly established in the Deccan under which important post-Mauryan dynasty?
[UGC NET History – 2026]
A. Satavahanas
B. Palas
C. Cholas
D. Pratiharas
Answer: A. Satavahanas
Explanation: Buddhist establishments flourished across the Deccan under Satavahana-era patronage, trade and donations. Sites such as Amaravati, Nasik and western Deccan caves benefited from this expansion.
Q177. The Buddhist work ‘Mahavastu’ is particularly associated with which linguistic characteristic?
[UGC NET History – 2026]
A. Pure Tamil composition
B. Mixed Sanskrit-Prakrit idiom
C. Classical Persian
D. Greek only
Answer: B. Mixed Sanskrit-Prakrit idiom
Explanation: Mahavastu, associated with the Lokottaravada tradition, preserves a hybrid linguistic form. It reflects the gradual increasing use of Sanskrit within sections of Buddhist literature.
Q176. Which statement concerning women in early Buddhism is correct?
[UGC NET – 2026]
A. Women were permanently prohibited from Buddhist learning.
B. Buddhist traditions preserve evidence of learned nuns and women teachers.
C. Ashoka first created the female Sangha.
D. Yashodhara established Buddhism.
Answer: B. Buddhist traditions preserve evidence of learned nuns and women teachers.
Explanation: The Therigatha preserves verses attributed to early Buddhist nuns, demonstrating women’s participation in religious and intellectual life after the establishment of the Bhikkhuni Sangha.
Q175. In Buddhist monastic tradition, ‘Upsampada’ refers to:
[UGC NET – 2026]
A. Beginning elementary literacy
B. Higher monastic ordination
C. Completion of Vedic education
D. Royal coronation
Answer: B. Higher monastic ordination
Explanation: Upasampada denotes full ordination into the Buddhist monastic community, generally following the preliminary novice ordination known as pabbajja or pravrajya.
Q174. Which ancient centre became particularly renowned as a great residential Buddhist university?
[UGC NET – 2026]
A. Nalanda
B. Ujjain
C. Madurai
D. Kanchi only
Answer: A. Nalanda
Explanation: Nalanda in Bihar developed into an internationally famous residential centre of Buddhist scholarship, attracting students and monks from India and numerous Asian regions.
Q173. The earliest Buddhist Tripitaka traditions are broadly associated with which period?
[UGC NET History – 2026]
A. 1500–1200 BCE
B. 500–100 BCE
C. 500–800 CE
D. 1200–1500 CE
Answer: B. 500–100 BCE
Explanation: Early Buddhist canonical traditions developed through oral transmission following Buddha’s lifetime and were progressively systematised before being committed to writing in later centuries.
Q172. What is the special significance of Ananda in the preservation of Buddhist teachings?
[Delhi Police – 2026]
A. He founded Mahayana Buddhism.
B. He traditionally recited Buddha’s discourses at the First Council.
C. He built Sanchi Stupa.
D. He ruled Magadha.
Answer: B. He traditionally recited Buddha’s discourses at the First Council.
Explanation: Ananda, Buddha’s close attendant, was renowned for his memory. Buddhist tradition credits him with reciting the discourses that formed the basis of the Sutta collection.
Q171. Which feature characteristically distinguishes Gupta-period Buddha images of the Sarnath school?
[MP Police SI – 2026]
A. Heavy Hellenistic armour
B. Serene expression and transparent clinging robe
C. Absence of spiritual symbolism
D. Colossal royal crowns
Answer: B. Serene expression and transparent clinging robe
Explanation: Gupta Sarnath Buddhas are celebrated for spiritual calm, smooth modelling, downcast eyes and nearly transparent robes, representing a highly refined classical Buddhist sculptural style.
Q170. What type of work is the ‘Milindapanho’?
[RRB NTPC – 2025]
A. Military manual
B. Buddhist philosophical dialogue
C. Law code
D. Medical treatise
Answer: B. Buddhist philosophical dialogue
Explanation: Milindapanho, or Questions of Milinda, records philosophical discussions between Indo-Greek ruler Menander, called Milinda, and Buddhist monk Nagasena on doctrine, karma and identity.
Q169. The Abhidhamma Pitaka particularly analyses:
[RRB NTPC – 2025]
A. Military conquests
B. Ethics and mental phenomena
C. Temple taxation
D. Agricultural practices
Answer: B. Ethics and mental phenomena
Explanation: Abhidhamma presents a systematic philosophical and psychological analysis of experience, classifying consciousness, mental factors, ethical states and phenomena within Buddhist scholastic thought.
Q168. What is prominently represented on the carved entrances of Sanchi Stupa?
[RRB NTPC – 2025]
A. Mughal battles
B. Jataka narratives
C. Vedic sacrifices only
D. Greek mythology exclusively
Answer: B. Jataka narratives
Explanation: The Sanchi gateways employ narrative reliefs illustrating Jataka stories and events linked with Buddha, frequently representing Buddha aniconically through symbols rather than human form.
Q167. Which texts relate stories of Gautama Buddha’s previous births?
[RRB NTPC – 2025]
A. Jatakas
B. Arthashastra
C. Manusmriti
D. Panchatantra
Answer: A. Jatakas
Explanation: Jataka literature recounts earlier incarnations of the being destined to become Gautama Buddha and communicates ethical lessons through stories of compassion, wisdom and self-sacrifice.
Q166. Which Buddhist scripture explicitly supports the doctrine of Anatta or ‘no permanent self’?
[RRB NTPC – 2025]
A. Dhammapada
B. Kalpa Sutra
C. Manusmriti
D. Arthashastra
Answer: A. Dhammapada
Explanation: The Dhammapada, part of the Khuddaka Nikaya, contains concise Buddhist teachings concerning impermanence, suffering and non-self, three fundamental characteristics of conditioned existence.
Q165. The earliest stupas at Sanchi and Sarnath are chiefly associated with which imperial period?
[RRB NTPC – 2025]
A. Mauryan
B. Gupta
C. Mughal
D. Chola
Answer: A. Mauryan
Explanation: Emperor Ashoka’s Mauryan patronage was crucial to the initial establishment of major stupas and pillars at Buddhist sacred centres including Sanchi and Sarnath.
Q164. After which war is Ashoka traditionally associated with a decisive turn towards Buddhism and non-violence?
[RRB NTPC – 2025]
A. Panipat
B. Kalinga
C. Hydaspes
D. Tarain
Answer: B. Kalinga
Explanation: The immense suffering caused by Ashoka’s conquest of Kalinga profoundly affected him. His inscriptions subsequently emphasised Dhamma, compassion, restraint and conquest through righteousness.
Q163. Poson Poya, commemorating the arrival of Buddhism through Mahinda, is principally celebrated in:
[RRB Group D – 2025]
A. Japan
B. Sri Lanka
C. Mongolia
D. Bhutan
Answer: B. Sri Lanka
Explanation: Poson commemorates the traditional introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka by Mahinda, son of Ashoka, during the reign of Sri Lankan ruler Devanampiya Tissa.
Q162. Why did post-Mauryan Buddhist stupas develop significant regional variations?
[SSC Selection Post – 2025]
A. Every region followed identical construction methods.
B. Local materials and building traditions influenced their forms.
C. Stupas were prohibited outside Magadha.
D. They were all wooden.
Answer: B. Local materials and building traditions influenced their forms.
Explanation: As Buddhism spread geographically, local construction traditions and materials produced diverse stupa forms, bases, decorative schemes and superstructures while preserving their central religious purpose.
Q161. The Great Stupa at Sanchi belongs principally to which architectural tradition?
[SSC Selection Post – 2025]
A. Buddhist
B. Islamic
C. Gothic
D. Dravidian Hindu temple
Answer: A. Buddhist
Explanation: Sanchi is among India’s most important complexes of Buddhist monuments. Its stupas, railings, toranas, monasteries and temples demonstrate the development of Buddhist architecture over centuries.
Q160. Stupas, chaityas and viharas expanded significantly during approximately 200 BCE–300 CE primarily because they were:
[SSC Selection Post – 2025]
A. Secular administrative offices
B. Religious and monastic structures
C. Military forts
D. Irrigation systems
Answer: B. Religious and monastic structures
Explanation: Stupas enshrined relics, chaityas functioned as worship halls and viharas housed monks. Their widespread construction accompanied Buddhism’s institutional and geographical expansion.
Q159. Ajanta is exceptional because its surviving paintings represent major phases separated by several centuries. Which religion dominates their themes?
[SSC Selection Post – 2025]
A. Buddhism
B. Zoroastrianism
C. Islam
D. Judaism
Answer: A. Buddhism
Explanation: Ajanta’s murals span early and later phases of Buddhist patronage. They depict Jatakas, Buddha’s life, Bodhisattvas and scenes illustrating Buddhist religious ideals.
Q158. Which artistic influence is especially visible in Buddha sculptures of the Gandhara School?
[SSC Selection Post – 2025]
A. Hellenistic
B. Aztec
C. Japanese
D. Gothic
Answer: A. Hellenistic
Explanation: Gandhara Buddhist sculpture combined Indian religious subjects with Greco-Roman artistic conventions, visible in naturalistic anatomy, wavy hair, deeply folded robes and classical facial modelling.
Q157. The Gandhara School of art is most closely associated with:
[SSC Selection Post – 2025]
A. Buddhism
B. Zoroastrianism
C. Sikhism
D. Sufism
Answer: A. Buddhism
Explanation: Gandhara became famous for Buddhist sculpture, particularly anthropomorphic Buddha and Bodhisattva figures executed with strong Greco-Roman stylistic influence during Kushana-era patronage.
Q156. Which sculpture at Sanchi is NOT directly derived from Buddhist doctrinal symbolism?
[UPSC NDA – 2025]
A. Empty throne
B. Wheel
C. Bodhi tree
D. Shalabhanjika
Answer: D. Shalabhanjika
Explanation: The empty throne, wheel and Bodhi tree function as early Buddhist symbols. Shalabhanjika derives from older fertility and tree-spirit traditions absorbed into Buddhist decorative art.
Q155. Which of the following is NOT a defining concept of Mahayana Buddhism?
[AP Police Constable – 2025]
A. Bodhisattva ideal
B. Devotional Buddha imagery
C. Buddha’s salvific role
D. Buddha being an incarnation of Vishnu
Answer: D. Buddha being an incarnation of Vishnu
Explanation: Bodhisattvas, devotional worship and expanded conceptions of Buddhahood are Mahayana features. Buddha’s identification as a Vishnu avatar belongs to later Hindu traditions.
Q154. In Buddhist ethics, ‘Metta’ primarily means:
[SSC CGL – 2025]
A. Loving-kindness
B. Ritual sacrifice
C. Royal authority
D. Ascetic starvation
Answer: A. Loving-kindness
Explanation: Metta denotes benevolent loving-kindness directed towards all beings. It is one of Buddhism’s four Brahmaviharas, alongside compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity.
Q153. Which of the following was NOT regarded as one of Buddha’s important disciples in the question asked?
[SSC CGL – 2025]
A. Ananda
B. Sariputta
C. Moggallana
D. Susima
Answer: D. Susima
Explanation: Ananda, Sariputta and Moggallana are prominent disciples in Buddhist tradition. Susima does not occupy the same position among Buddha’s celebrated principal disciples.
Q152. The ‘Harmika’ of a Buddhist stupa is best described as:
[SSC CGL – 2025]
A. Square railing-like enclosure above the dome
B. Underground monastery
C. Entrance staircase
D. Painted cave wall
Answer: A. Square railing-like enclosure above the dome
Explanation: Harmika is the small square enclosure crowning the stupa’s hemispherical dome. From it rises the central yasti supporting one or more ceremonial umbrellas.
Q151. Which sequence correctly represents the broad chronological development of these Buddhist art centres?
[SSC CGL – 2025]
A. Mathura–Sanchi–Bharhut
B. Bharhut–Sanchi–Mathura
C. Sanchi–Mathura–Bharhut
D. Mathura–Bharhut–Sanchi
Answer: B. Bharhut–Sanchi–Mathura
Explanation: Bharhut represents an early phase of Buddhist narrative relief; Sanchi’s gateways followed, while Mathura became a major centre of anthropomorphic Buddhist sculpture during the Kushana age.
Q150. The traditional chronology commonly used in older competitive-exam history texts places Gautama Buddha’s birth around:
[SSC CHSL – 2025]
A. 560 BCE
B. 326 BCE
C. 78 CE
D. 1206 CE
Answer: A. 560 BCE
Explanation: Older examination texts commonly use approximately 563 or 560 BCE for Buddha’s birth. Modern scholarship debates precise dates, but the conventional exam chronology remains widely used.
Q149. Which ruler of Magadha was a contemporary of both Gautama Buddha and Mahavira?
[SSC CHSL – 2025]
A. Ajatashatru
B. Samudragupta
C. Kanishka
D. Harsha
Answer: A. Ajatashatru
Explanation: Ajatashatru ruled Magadha during the sixth–fifth centuries BCE and appears in both Buddhist and Jain traditions as a contemporary of Buddha and Mahavira.
Q148. How many monumental toranas or carved gateways surround the Great Stupa at Sanchi?
[DSSSB ASO – 2025]
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Six
Answer: C. Four
Explanation: Sanchi’s Great Stupa possesses four richly carved toranas positioned at the cardinal directions. Their narrative reliefs are masterpieces of early Indian Buddhist sculpture.
Q147. The Sanchi Stupa is a classic example of which architectural form?
[MP Police – 2025]
A. Buddhist stupa architecture
B. Mughal mausoleum architecture
C. Gothic cathedral architecture
D. Indo-Islamic mosque architecture
Answer: A. Buddhist stupa architecture
Explanation: Sanchi’s hemispherical anda, harmika, yasti, chhatras, railing and circumambulatory path exemplify the mature architectural vocabulary of the Indian Buddhist stupa.
Q146. Ajanta in Maharashtra is famous principally for which type of Buddhist monument?
[RPF Constable – 2025]
A. Rock-cut caves
B. Freestanding minarets
C. Brick forts
D. Stepwells
Answer: A. Rock-cut caves
Explanation: Ajanta comprises rock-cut Buddhist caves containing monasteries, worship halls, sculptures and celebrated murals. Excavations occurred in distinct phases from around the second century BCE onward.
Q145. During which dynasty’s rule is the Fourth Buddhist Council traditionally associated with the development of Hinayana and Mahayana divisions?
[SSC CGL – 2024]
A. Kushana
B. Gupta
C. Shaka
D. Pallava
Answer: A. Kushana
Explanation: The northern Buddhist tradition associates the Fourth Council in Kashmir with Kushana emperor Kanishka. It became important in narratives concerning the development of Mahayana Buddhism.
Q144. Sanchi Stupa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located in:
[SSC CHSL – 2024]
A. Bihar
B. Madhya Pradesh
C. Rajasthan
D. Punjab
Answer: B. Madhya Pradesh
Explanation: Sanchi lies in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh near Bhopal. Its Buddhist monuments range from the Mauryan period through later centuries.
Q143. Which statements about the Chethiagiri Vihara festival are correct?
[SSC CHSL – 2024]
- It is Buddhist.
- It is celebrated at Sanchi.
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: Chethiagiri Vihara celebrations at Sanchi centre on veneration of relics associated with Sariputta and Maha Moggallana, two eminent disciples of Gautama Buddha.
Q142. Which Indian Buddhist monk is traditionally associated with transmitting Chan Buddhism to China and later Shaolin traditions?
[SSC CHSL – 2024]
A. Atisha
B. Bodhidharma
C. Nagarjuna
D. Vasumitra
Answer: B. Bodhidharma
Explanation: Bodhidharma is traditionally remembered as an Indian Buddhist monk who transmitted meditation-based Chan teachings to China and became associated in legend with Shaolin martial traditions.
Q141. According to Census 2011, which Indian state has the largest Buddhist population in absolute numbers?
[SSC CHSL – 2024]
A. Maharashtra
B. Bihar
C. West Bengal
D. Madhya Pradesh
Answer: A. Maharashtra
Explanation: Maharashtra contains India’s largest Buddhist population numerically, significantly influenced by the twentieth-century Navayana Buddhist movement associated with Dr B. R. Ambedkar.
Q140. The residential monastery of Buddhist monks is called a:
[SSC MTS – 2024]
A. Vihara
B. Torana
C. Stupa
D. Shikhara
Answer: A. Vihara
Explanation: A vihara originally functioned as a residence for monks, especially during rainy retreats, and gradually developed into permanent monastic and educational complexes.
Q139. Which statement about Buddhist stupas is correct?
[SSC MTS – 2024]
A. Uddeshika stupas could commemorate sacred events or places.
B. Bharhut is in Uttar Pradesh.
C. Every stupa contained Buddha’s bodily remains.
D. Stupas were exclusively royal palaces.
Answer: A. Uddeshika stupas could commemorate sacred events or places.
Explanation: Buddhist tradition distinguishes different kinds of stupas, including commemorative Uddeshika monuments. Bharhut is in Madhya Pradesh, and not every stupa contained bodily relics.
Q138. What is a dome-shaped Buddhist monument containing or commemorating sacred relics called?
[SSC MTS – 2024]
A. Vihara
B. Stupa
C. Mandapa
D. Gopuram
Answer: B. Stupa
Explanation: Stupas developed from funerary mounds and became major Buddhist reliquary and commemorative monuments, serving as focal points for devotion and ritual circumambulation.
Q137. Which Buddhist structures were commonly constructed to enshrine the remains or relics of revered monks and nuns?
[SSC MTS – 2024]
A. Stupas
B. Sabha halls
C. Garbhagrihas
D. Gopurams
Answer: A. Stupas
Explanation: Stupas frequently housed relics of Buddha or distinguished members of the Buddhist community. They became sacred monuments around which devotees practised circumambulation and worship.
Q136. Sanchi was rediscovered by General Henry Taylor in which year?
[SSC MTS – 2024]
A. 1757
B. 1818
C. 1857
D. 1905
Answer: B. 1818
Explanation: The Sanchi complex, long abandoned, came to modern scholarly attention after its rediscovery in 1818, eventually leading to archaeological documentation, conservation and restoration.
Q135. How many principal toranas stand around the Great Stupa at Sanchi?
[SSC MTS – 2024]
A. Two
B. Four
C. Six
D. Eight
Answer: B. Four
Explanation: Four monumental toranas face the cardinal directions at Sanchi. They bear densely carved narratives concerning Jatakas, Buddhist symbols and episodes connected with Buddha.
Q134. The ancient Piprahwa Stupa was primarily constructed using:
[SSC MTS – 2024]
A. Bricks
B. Marble
C. Timber only
D. Granite blocks
Answer: A. Bricks
Explanation: Piprahwa in Uttar Pradesh is an important early Buddhist archaeological site whose brick stupa yielded relic deposits and inscriptions linked with early Buddhist traditions.
Q133. Who is associated with the archaeological discovery and excavation of the Bharhut Stupa?
[SSC MTS – 2024]
A. Alexander Cunningham
B. James Prinsep
C. John Marshall
D. Mortimer Wheeler
Answer: A. Alexander Cunningham
Explanation: Alexander Cunningham documented and excavated Bharhut in the nineteenth century. Its railing sculptures and inscriptions became vital evidence for studying early Buddhist art.
Q132. Amaravati, famous for its ancient Buddhist stupa, is located in:
[SSC MTS – 2024]
A. Andhra Pradesh
B. Rajasthan
C. Punjab
D. Kerala
Answer: A. Andhra Pradesh
Explanation: Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh was an important Buddhist centre on the Krishna River, renowned for its large stupa and sophisticated limestone narrative reliefs.
Q131. Dhamek Stupa is located at:
[SSC MTS – 2024]
A. Sarnath
B. Kushinagar
C. Rajgir
D. Nalanda
Answer: A. Sarnath
Explanation: Dhamek Stupa stands at Sarnath near Varanasi, where Buddhist tradition places Buddha’s first sermon and the beginning of his public teaching career.
Q130. Which statements regarding Buddhist viharas are correct? [SSC MTS – 2024]
- They commonly included monks’ cells.
- Ajanta and Nashik contain important examples.
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither
Answer: C. Both 1 and 2
Explanation: Rock-cut viharas typically contain halls, verandas and monastic cells. Important surviving examples occur at Ajanta, Nashik and many other western Deccan cave complexes.
Q129. Which pairing is incorrect?
[SSC Selection Post – 2024]
A. Sanchi Stupa – Madhya Pradesh
B. Bavikonda – Andhra Pradesh
C. Dhamek Stupa – Uttar Pradesh
D. Piprahwa Stupa – Sikkim
Answer: D. Piprahwa Stupa – Sikkim
Explanation: Piprahwa is in Uttar Pradesh near the Nepal border, not Sikkim. It is archaeologically significant for relic deposits linked with early Buddhism.
Q128. The tall sculptural figures decorating the Bharhut Stupa prominently include:
[SSC Selection Post – 2024]
A. Yakshas and Yakshinis
B. Mughal emperors
C. European saints
D. Chola kings
Answer: A. Yakshas and Yakshinis
Explanation: Bharhut’s railings contain prominent yaksha and yakshini figures, demonstrating how older popular nature-deity traditions were incorporated into early Buddhist religious art.
Q127. Which architectural monument is particularly symbolic of Buddhism?
[SSC Selection Post – 2024]
A. Stupa
B. Gopuram
C. Minaret
D. Ziggurat
Answer: A. Stupa
Explanation: The stupa became one of Buddhism’s most distinctive sacred forms, serving to preserve relics, commemorate sacred events and provide a focus for circumambulation.
Q126. The Great Stupa at Amaravati belongs to which present-day state?
[SSC Selection Post – 2024]
A. Andhra Pradesh
B. Odisha
C. Bihar
D. Gujarat
Answer: A. Andhra Pradesh
Explanation: Amaravati’s ancient Mahachaitya stood in the lower Krishna valley of present Andhra Pradesh and became a major centre of Buddhist artistic and religious activity.
Q125. What is the ‘Medhi’ in a Buddhist stupa?
[SSC Stenographer – 2024]
A. Ornamental gateway
B. Circular terrace around the dome
C. Umbrella above the stupa
D. Underground chamber
Answer: B. Circular terrace around the dome
Explanation: The medhi is an elevated circular terrace associated with circumambulation. It forms part of the structural organisation of developed Indian Buddhist stupas.
Q124. Which Buddhist sage is traditionally connected with the conversion of Indo-Greek king Menander?
[SSC Stenographer – 2024]
A. Nagasena
B. Vasumitra
C. Ananda
D. Upali
Answer: A. Nagasena
Explanation: The Milindapanho presents philosophical discussions between King Menander, called Milinda, and Buddhist monk Nagasena, ending traditionally with Menander’s acceptance of Buddhist teaching.
Q123. The paintings and sculptures at Ajanta and the Buddhist caves of Ellora principally represent:
[SSC Stenographer – 2024]
A. Buddhist religious art
B. Persian miniature painting
C. Gothic art
D. Islamic calligraphy
Answer: A. Buddhist religious art
Explanation: Ajanta is overwhelmingly Buddhist, while Ellora contains Buddhist, Hindu and Jain groups. Their Buddhist caves preserve monastic architecture, sculptures and religious iconography.
Q122. Saga Dawa, a sacred Buddhist observance, generally falls between:
[SSC Stenographer – 2024]
A. January–February
B. March–April
C. May–June
D. October–November
Answer: C. May–June
Explanation: Saga Dawa corresponds to the fourth Tibetan lunar month and commemorates major events in Buddha’s life, especially enlightenment and Parinirvana.
Q121. What was the theme of the first Asian Buddhist Summit held in 2024?
[RRB Technician – 2024]
A. Role of Buddha Dhamma in Strengthening Asia
B. Buddhist Archaeology and Tourism
C. Buddhism and Maritime Trade
D. Ancient Indian Coinage
Answer: A. Role of Buddha Dhamma in Strengthening Asia
Explanation: The summit emphasised Buddhism’s shared cultural heritage and the potential of Buddha Dhamma to contribute to dialogue, cooperation and connections among Asian societies.
Q120. ‘Mahaparinirvana’ in the context of Gautama Buddha refers to his:
[WBPSC Food SI – 2024]
A. Birth
B. Great renunciation
C. First sermon
D. Final passing away
Answer: D. Final passing away
Explanation: Mahaparinirvana denotes Buddha’s final passing away after attaining liberation from samsara. Buddhist tradition associates this event with Kushinagar in present Uttar Pradesh.
Q119. Who was chief royal patron of the Fourth Buddhist Council held in Kashmir according to northern Buddhist tradition?
[WBCS Mains – 2024]
A. Ashoka
B. Kanishka
C. Ajatashatru
D. Kalashoka
Answer: B. Kanishka
Explanation: Kushana ruler Kanishka traditionally sponsored the Fourth Buddhist Council at Kundalavana in Kashmir, with Vasumitra commonly identified as its presiding scholar.
Q118. Which form of Buddhism became particularly prominent with tantric practices during early medieval India?
[RPSC Assistant Professor – 2024]
A. Vajrayana
B. Theravada
C. Sthaviravada only
D. Ajivika
Answer: A. Vajrayana
Explanation: Vajrayana incorporated mantras, mandalas, ritual symbolism, esoteric initiation and tantric practices. It became especially influential under Pala-era Buddhism and subsequently in Tibet.
Q117. ‘Milinda Panha’ is preserved principally in which language?
[UKPSC – 2024]
A. Pali
B. Persian
C. Tamil
D. Arabic
Answer: A. Pali
Explanation: Milinda Panha survives as an important Pali Buddhist philosophical work recording a dialogue between monk Nagasena and Indo-Greek ruler Menander, known as Milinda.
Q116. Consider these statements: Four Noble Truths are central to Buddhism; Anatta denies a permanent self; Mahayana emphasises Bodhisattvas; Milindapanha records Menander–Nagasena dialogue. How many are correct?
[IB ACIO – 2024]
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. All four
Answer: D. All four
Explanation: Each statement identifies a recognised feature of Buddhist doctrine or literature: Noble Truths, non-self, the Mahayana Bodhisattva ideal and the Milinda–Nagasena philosophical dialogue.
Q115. Regarding stupas, which statements are correct? [UPSC CSE – 2023]
- The concept of stupa is Buddhist in origin only.
- Stupas generally housed relics.
- They were objects of veneration.
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 2 only
D. All three
Answer: B. 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Mound burials predated Buddhism, so the stupa form was not exclusively Buddhist in origin. Buddhism transformed stupas into important reliquary and devotional monuments.
Q114. Where was the First Buddhist Council traditionally held?
[WBCS – 2023]
A. Vaishali
B. Pataliputra
C. Rajagriha
D. Kashmir
Answer: C. Rajagriha
Explanation: The First Council was traditionally convened at Rajagriha after Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana under Ajatashatru’s patronage, with Mahakassapa presiding over the assembly.
Q113. Which matching of Buddhist Councils and their presidents is correct?
[CGPSC – 2023]
A. First–Mahakasyapa; Second–Sabbakami; Third–Moggaliputta Tissa; Fourth–Vasumitra
B. First–Vasumitra; Second–Ananda; Third–Ashoka; Fourth–Upali
C. First–Nagasena; Second–Upali; Third–Ananda; Fourth–Ashoka
D. First–Kanishka; Second–Ajatashatru; Third–Kalashoka; Fourth–Bimbisara
Answer: A. First–Mahakasyapa; Second–Sabbakami; Third–Moggaliputta Tissa; Fourth–Vasumitra
Explanation: Competitive-exam chronology conventionally associates these four councils respectively with Mahakasyapa, Sabbakami, Moggaliputta Tissa and Vasumitra.
Q112. Consider Sanchi:
- Three gateways were still standing when it was rediscovered in 1818.
- Its reliefs depict elephants, horses, monkeys and cattle.
Which is correct?
[UPSC NDA – 2023]
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both
D. Neither
Answer: C. Both
Explanation: Early nineteenth-century descriptions record three standing gateways, while Sanchi’s sculptures richly portray animals that often function symbolically within narrative and decorative compositions.
Q111. Who wrote ‘The Buddha and His Dhamma’?
[SSC CGL – 2023]
A. B. R. Ambedkar
B. Jawaharlal Nehru
C. Rahul Sankrityayan
D. S. Radhakrishnan
Answer: A. B. R. Ambedkar
Explanation: Dr B. R. Ambedkar’s posthumously published work The Buddha and His Dhamma presents his interpretation of Buddhist philosophy and became fundamental to Navayana Buddhism.
Q110. Who composed ‘Buddhacharita’?
[SSC CPO – 2023]
A. Ashvaghosha
B. Banabhatta
C. Kalidasa
D. Vasumitra
Answer: A. Ashvaghosha
Explanation: Ashvaghosha composed Buddhacharita, a celebrated Sanskrit mahakavya narrating the life of Gautama Buddha. He is generally associated with the early centuries CE.
Q109. Which festival marks the birth anniversary of Gautama Buddha?
[SSC MTS – 2023]
A. Vesak
B. Pongal
C. Holika Dahan
D. Baisakhi
Answer: A. Vesak
Explanation: Vesak or Buddha Purnima commemorates Gautama Buddha and, in many Buddhist traditions, simultaneously marks his birth, enlightenment and Mahaparinirvana.
Q108. Which structure is particularly associated with Buddhist religious architecture?
[SSC MTS – 2023]
A. Stupa
B. Shikhara
C. Gopuram
D. Pishtaq
Answer: A. Stupa
Explanation: Stupas are mound-shaped Buddhist monuments commonly associated with relics and commemoration. Their architectural vocabulary includes the anda, harmika, chhatra and circumambulatory path.
Q107. Nalanda, a major Buddhist centre of learning, is situated in:
[SSC MTS – 2023]
A. Bihar
B. Odisha
C. Rajasthan
D. Gujarat
Answer: A. Bihar
Explanation: Nalanda in Bihar developed into one of ancient India’s greatest centres of Buddhist education and attracted scholars from many regions of Asia.
Q106. Gautama Buddha belonged to which clan?
[SSC MTS – 2023]
A. Shakya
B. Lichchhavi
C. Maurya
D. Kuru
Answer: A. Shakya
Explanation: Siddhartha Gautama was born into the Shakya clan, whose territory lay around Kapilavastu near the present India-Nepal border region.
Q105. Buddha Purnima is celebrated during which traditional Indian lunar month?
[SSC MTS – 2023]
A. Vaisakha
B. Magha
C. Kartika
D. Ashadha
Answer: A. Vaisakha
Explanation: Buddha Purnima falls on the full-moon day of Vaisakha, generally in April or May, and is one of the most important Buddhist observances.
Q104. Rules governing members of the Buddhist Sangha are principally contained in:
[SSC MTS – 2023]
A. Vinaya Pitaka
B. Arthashastra
C. Dhammapada only
D. Mahavamsa
Answer: A. Vinaya Pitaka
Explanation: Vinaya Pitaka records monastic discipline for Buddhist monks and nuns, including rules concerning ordination, communal procedure, conduct and resolution of disciplinary matters.
Q103. Buddhist prayer or congregational halls are known as:
[SSC MTS – 2023]
A. Chaitya-grihas
B. Garbhagrihas
C. Mandapas
D. Gopurams
Answer: A. Chaitya-grihas
Explanation: Chaitya-grihas were Buddhist worship halls, often rock-cut, featuring a long nave, side aisles, apsidal termination and a stupa serving as the focal object.
Q102. Which is generally regarded as India’s oldest surviving major Buddhist stupa?
[SSC MTS – 2023]
A. Sanchi
B. Kesaria
C. Nagarjunakonda
D. Ratnagiri
Answer: A. Sanchi
Explanation: The original core of Sanchi’s Great Stupa dates to Ashoka’s reign in the third century BCE, though the monument was extensively enlarged later.
Q101. Dhamek Stupa is located in which state?
[SSC MTS – 2023]
A. Uttar Pradesh
B. Madhya Pradesh
C. Bihar
D. Maharashtra
Answer: A. Uttar Pradesh
Explanation: Dhamek Stupa is located at Sarnath near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, the sacred place associated with Buddha’s first sermon.
Q100. Who laid the foundation of the Sanchi Stupa?
[SSC MTS – 2023]
A. Ashoka
B. Samudragupta
C. Chandragupta II
D. Harsha
Answer: A. Ashoka
Explanation: Emperor Ashoka established the original brick stupa at Sanchi in the third century BCE. Later dynasties enlarged it and added stone railings and toranas.
Q99. Bharhut, famous for an early Buddhist stupa and narrative reliefs, is in:
[SSC MTS – 2023]
A. Madhya Pradesh
B. Bihar
C. Rajasthan
D. Assam
Answer: A. Madhya Pradesh
Explanation: Bharhut in Satna district, Madhya Pradesh, yielded important early Buddhist railing sculptures and inscriptions dating chiefly to the Shunga period.
Q98. The Barabar rock-cut caves are located in:
[SSC MTS – 2023]
A. Bihar
B. Sikkim
C. Punjab
D. Goa
Answer: A. Bihar
Explanation: The Mauryan-period Barabar caves lie in Bihar. Although several were donated to Ajivikas, they are crucial to the broader history of Indian rock-cut architecture.
Q97. Sannati, where important Buddhist archaeological remains have been excavated, is located in:
[Delhi Police – 2023]
A. Karnataka
B. Punjab
C. Odisha
D. Rajasthan
Answer: A. Karnataka
Explanation: Sannati in Karnataka contains significant Buddhist remains, including stupa material, sculptural fragments and inscriptions that illuminate Buddhism’s spread in the Deccan.
Q96. The Mahabodhi Temple is situated in which state?
[Delhi Police – 2023]
A. Bihar
B. Uttar Pradesh
C. Madhya Pradesh
D. Chhattisgarh
Answer: A. Bihar
Explanation: The Mahabodhi Temple complex stands at Bodh Gaya in Bihar and commemorates the place where Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree.
Q95. The UNESCO-listed Mahabodhi Temple Complex is located at:
[Delhi Police – 2023]
A. Bodh Gaya
B. Kushinagar
C. Vaishali
D. Rajgir
Answer: A. Bodh Gaya
Explanation: Bodh Gaya is one of Buddhism’s four supreme pilgrimage destinations, specifically associated with Buddha’s attainment of enlightenment or Bodhi.
Q94. The 6.1-metre reclining Buddha associated with Mahaparinirvana is found at:
[Delhi Police – 2023]
A. Kushinagar
B. Sanchi
C. Amaravati
D. Nalanda
Answer: A. Kushinagar
Explanation: Kushinagar’s Mahaparinirvana Temple contains a famous reclining Buddha image representing the enlightened teacher at the time of his final passing.
Q93. Which Buddhist text presents a philosophical conversation between King Menander and Nagasena?
[Delhi Police – 2023]
A. Milindapanha
B. Mahavamsa
C. Lalitavistara
D. Buddhacharita
Answer: A. Milindapanha
Explanation: Milindapanha, Questions of Milinda, records dialogues in which Nagasena explains Buddhist doctrines to Indo-Greek ruler Menander through questions, analogies and philosophical reasoning.
Q92. Who is traditionally said to have converted King Menander to Buddhism?
[Delhi Police – 2023]
A. Nagasena
B. Buddhaghosa
C. Ashvaghosha
D. Vasubandhu
Answer: A. Nagasena
Explanation: Buddhist tradition portrays Nagasena as Menander’s philosophical teacher. Their celebrated dialogue survives in Milindapanha and deals with selfhood, karma, rebirth and Nirvana.
Q91. Which Chinese Buddhist traveller visited India during Chandragupta II’s reign?
[Delhi Police – 2023]
A. Fa-Hien
B. Xuanzang
C. I-Tsing
D. Song Yun
Answer: A. Fa-Hien
Explanation: Fa-Hien travelled through India around 399–414 CE seeking Buddhist texts and visiting sacred sites during the reign of Gupta emperor Chandragupta II.
Q90. The Harmika on a Buddhist stupa is generally what shape?
[Delhi Police – 2023]
A. Square
B. Circular
C. Triangular
D. Octagonal
Answer: A. Square
Explanation: The harmika is the square railing-like element situated above the hemispherical stupa dome. A central yasti rises from it supporting the chhatras.
Q89. Who was the author of Buddhacharita?
[Delhi Police – 2023]
A. Ashvaghosha
B. Dandin
C. Jinasena
D. Shudraka
Answer: A. Ashvaghosha
Explanation: Ashvaghosha’s Buddhacharita is a major Sanskrit poetic biography of Buddha and one of the most important early literary treatments of his life.
Q88. Pillared verandas, halls and monks’ cells are notable components of which Buddhist cave complex?
[Delhi Police – 2023]
A. Ajanta
B. Elephanta
C. Badami
D. Udayagiri in Odisha
Answer: A. Ajanta
Explanation: Many Ajanta caves are viharas designed around monastic residence, incorporating pillared halls, verandas, cells and, in later examples, Buddha shrines.
Q87. At which place is the first admission of women into the Buddhist Sangha traditionally associated?
[UPSSSC PET – 2023]
A. Vaishali
B. Sarnath
C. Rajgir
D. Bodh Gaya
Answer: A. Vaishali
Explanation: Buddhist tradition connects Mahapajapati Gotami’s admission as the first bhikkhuni with Vaishali, marking the establishment of an organised order of Buddhist nuns.
Q86. Ashoka’s establishment of Sanchi as an important sacred Buddhist centre belongs to approximately which century BCE?
[IB Security Assistant – 2023]
A. Third century BCE
B. Fifth century BCE
C. First century CE
D. Fourth century CE
Answer: A. Third century BCE
Explanation: Ashoka ruled in the third century BCE and commissioned the original Sanchi stupa as part of the Mauryan expansion of Buddhist sacred architecture.
Q85. The Abhidhamma Pitaka primarily deals with:
[RRB NTPC – 2022]
A. Philosophical and psychological analysis
B. Monastic rules only
C. Jataka narratives
D. Political administration
Answer: A. Philosophical and psychological analysis
Explanation: Abhidhamma systematically analyses Buddhist doctrine, mental states and categories of experience, complementing the sermons of Sutta Pitaka and discipline of Vinaya Pitaka.
Q84. Which of the following is a Buddhist temple?
[RRB Group D – 2022]
A. Mahabodhi Temple
B. Kashi Vishwanath Temple
C. Gorakhnath Temple
D. Nidhivan Temple
Answer: A. Mahabodhi Temple
Explanation: Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya commemorates Buddha’s enlightenment and is one of the world’s most important surviving Buddhist pilgrimage monuments.
Q83. Gautama Buddha belonged to which gana?
[RRB Group D – 2022]
A. Shakya
B. Lichchhavi
C. Malla
D. Moriya
Answer: A. Shakya
Explanation: Siddhartha Gautama belonged to the Shakya republican clan centred around Kapilavastu. He is therefore frequently called Shakyamuni, meaning ‘sage of the Shakyas.’
Q82. Venuvan Vihara Buddhist Monastery is situated in:
[RRB Group D – 2022]
A. Tripura
B. Meghalaya
C. Nagaland
D. Manipur
Answer: A. Tripura
Explanation: Venuvan Vihara is a Buddhist monastery in Tripura, reflecting the historical and continuing Buddhist cultural presence in India’s northeastern region.
Q81. Buddhacharita, the celebrated biography of Gautama Buddha, was written by:
[SSC Stenographer – 2022]
A. Ashvaghosha
B. Vasumitra
C. Banabhatta
D. Patanjali
Answer: A. Ashvaghosha
Explanation: Ashvaghosha’s Sanskrit epic Buddhacharita narrates Buddha’s life from princely birth towards enlightenment and became influential in Buddhist literary traditions.
Q80. Residential establishments occupied by Buddhist monks were known as:
[SSC Stenographer – 2022]
A. Viharas
B. Toranas
C. Harmikas
D. Stambhas
Answer: A. Viharas
Explanation: Viharas were Buddhist monasteries offering residential cells, communal spaces and facilities for study, meditation and teaching, eventually developing into major educational centres.
Q79. Gautama Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana at:
[SSC Selection Post – 2022]
A. Kushinagar
B. Bodh Gaya
C. Sarnath
D. Lumbini
Answer: A. Kushinagar
Explanation: Buddhist tradition holds that Buddha died at Kushinara, modern Kushinagar, at about eighty years of age and entered final Nirvana or Mahaparinirvana.
Q78. Gautama Buddha was born at:
[SSC Selection Post – 2022]
A. Lumbini
B. Rajgir
C. Sarnath
D. Vaishali
Answer: A. Lumbini
Explanation: Lumbini in present-day Nepal is recognised as Buddha’s birthplace. An Ashokan pillar inscription provides important ancient evidence identifying the sacred location.
Q77. Dhamek Stupa is located in which state?
[Delhi Police Head Constable – 2022]
A. Uttar Pradesh
B. Bihar
C. Madhya Pradesh
D. Maharashtra
Answer: A. Uttar Pradesh
Explanation: Dhamek Stupa stands at Sarnath in Uttar Pradesh and commemorates the area associated with Buddha’s first sermon after attaining enlightenment.
Q76. Where is the Mahabodhi Temple Complex situated?
[DSSSB Head Clerk – 2022]
A. Bodh Gaya
B. Konark
C. Khajuraho
D. Varanasi
Answer: A. Bodh Gaya
Explanation: Bodh Gaya’s Mahabodhi Temple marks the sacred location traditionally associated with Siddhartha’s enlightenment beneath the Bodhi tree.
Q75. The Four Noble Truths are fundamental teachings of:
[DSSSB JSA – 2022]
A. Buddhism
B. Shaivism
C. Sikhism
D. Zoroastrianism
Answer: A. Buddhism
Explanation: Buddhism’s Four Noble Truths explain suffering, its origin in craving, its cessation and the Noble Eightfold Path leading towards the cessation of suffering.
Q74. The original Sanchi Stupa was constructed under which ruler?
[DSSSB JSA – 2022]
A. Ashoka
B. Harsha
C. Kanishka
D. Samudragupta
Answer: A. Ashoka
Explanation: Ashoka commissioned the original brick stupa in the third century BCE. The structure was considerably enlarged and ornamented by later dynasties.
Q73. What is the raised circular terrace used for circumambulation around a developed Buddhist stupa called?
[SSC MTS – 2022]
A. Medhi
B. Torana
C. Harmika
D. Yasti
Answer: A. Medhi
Explanation: Medhi denotes the raised terrace forming part of the stupa and providing a ritual circumambulatory level from which devotees move clockwise around the monument.
Q72. Where did Gautama Buddha first preach his Dharma after enlightenment?
[SSC MTS – 2022]
A. Sarnath
B. Lumbini
C. Kushinagar
D. Nalanda
Answer: A. Sarnath
Explanation: Buddha’s first discourse at Sarnath is known as Dharmachakra Pravartana, the ‘turning of the wheel of Dharma,’ delivered to his five former companions.
Q71. Which statements about Gautama Buddha are correct?
- He belonged to the Shakya Kshatriya clan.
- He attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar.
[SSC MTS – 2022]
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither
Answer: C. Both 1 and 2
Explanation: Siddhartha was born among the Shakya Kshatriyas, while Buddhist tradition identifies Kushinagar as the location of his death and Mahaparinirvana.
Q70. Dhamek Stupa is located in which district/region?
[SSC MTS – 2022]
A. Varanasi
B. Gaya
C. Raisen
D. Satna
Answer: A. Varanasi
Explanation: Dhamek Stupa is situated at Sarnath, a short distance from Varanasi, and commemorates the sacred landscape of Buddha’s first sermon.
Q69. The Mahabodhi Temple is located in which state?
[SSC MTS – 2022]
A. Bihar
B. Uttar Pradesh
C. Odisha
D. Assam
Answer: A. Bihar
Explanation: The Mahabodhi Temple stands at Bodh Gaya in Bihar, marking the most important Buddhist pilgrimage location associated with the Buddha’s enlightenment.
Q68. Nalanda, where Xuanzang and numerous Buddhist scholars studied, lies in:
[SSC CGL – 2022]
A. Bihar
B. Odisha
C. Bengal
D. Sikkim
Answer: A. Bihar
Explanation: Nalanda flourished in ancient Magadha, present-day Bihar, as a vast residential centre of Buddhist and other learning with an international scholarly community.
Q67. From which region did Chinese Buddhist traveller Fa-Hien begin his sea journey back towards China?
[SSC CGL – 2022]
A. Bengal
B. Punjab
C. Kashmir
D. Gujarat
Answer: A. Bengal
Explanation: After travelling extensively through Buddhist India, Fa-Hien reached the eastern coast and sailed from Bengal on his return journey through maritime Southeast Asia.
Q66. King ‘Milinda’ of Milinda Panha is identified with which Indo-Greek ruler?
[SSC JE – 2022]
A. Menander
B. Demetrius
C. Seleucus
D. Alexander
Answer: A. Menander
Explanation: Menander I is identified with Milinda of Buddhist tradition. Milindapanha preserves his celebrated philosophical discussions with the Buddhist monk Nagasena.
Q65. The site of Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana is located at:
[Punjab & Haryana High Court Clerk – 2022]
A. Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh
B. Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh
C. Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh
D. Bodh Gaya, Bihar
Answer: A. Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh
Explanation: Kushinagar is one of four principal Buddhist pilgrimage sites because it commemorates Gautama Buddha’s death and entry into final Nirvana.
Q64. Which statement is correct?
I. Buddhism was founded on the teachings of Gautama Buddha.
II. Digambara and Svetambara are Buddhist sects.
[Tamil Nadu Police – 2022]
A. I only
B. II only
C. Both
D. Neither
Answer: A. I only
Explanation: Buddhism arose from Gautama Buddha’s teachings. Digambara and Svetambara are the two principal sectarian traditions of Jainism, not Buddhism.
Q63. Which symbols were employed to represent Buddha in early aniconic Buddhist art?
[UPSC NDA – 2022]
A. Empty throne, wheel, tree and stupa
B. Crown and sword only
C. Trident and lingam
D. Fire altar and bull
Answer: A. Empty throne, wheel, tree and stupa
Explanation: Early Buddhist art often avoided depicting Buddha directly, representing him through symbols such as the Bodhi tree, Dharma wheel, footprints, empty throne and stupa.
Q62. The First Buddhist Council was held at:
[UPSSSC PET – 2022]
A. Rajgir
B. Vaishali
C. Pataliputra
D. Kashmir
Answer: A. Rajgir
Explanation: Rajgir or ancient Rajagriha traditionally hosted the First Buddhist Council after Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana, under the patronage of King Ajatashatru.
Q61. The Mahaparinirvana Temple is situated in which state?
[Punjab & Haryana High Court Clerk – 2022]
A. Uttar Pradesh
B. Uttarakhand
C. Sikkim
D. Arunachal Pradesh
Answer: A. Uttar Pradesh
Explanation: The Mahaparinirvana Temple stands at Kushinagar in Uttar Pradesh and contains the renowned reclining Buddha sculpture representing his final passing.
Q60. Which statement is correct concerning an important Buddhist cave site?
[UPSC CSE – 2021]
A. Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of the Waghora River.
B. Sanchi lies in the Chambal gorge.
C. Amaravati stands beside the Narmada.
D. Pandavleni lies beside the Brahmaputra.
Answer: A. Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of the Waghora River.
Explanation: Ajanta’s caves were excavated into a horseshoe-shaped rocky gorge above the Waghora River in Maharashtra, creating their characteristic dramatic natural setting.
Q59. The Tripitaka of Buddhism is principally preserved in which canonical language?
[West Bengal Police SI – 2021]
A. Pali
B. Hindi
C. Bengali
D. Persian
Answer: A. Pali
Explanation: The Theravada Buddhist canon is commonly called the Pali Canon because its three baskets—Vinaya, Sutta and Abhidhamma—are preserved in the Pali language.
Q58. Which statement concerning Buddhism is incorrect?
[RRB NTPC – 2021]
A. Important Buddhist scriptures survive in Pali.
B. Charaka was Gautama Buddha’s personal physician.
C. Lumbini is in Nepal.
D. Upagupta is linked in tradition with Ashoka.
Answer: B. Charaka was Gautama Buddha’s personal physician.
Explanation: Charaka belongs to a different historical and medical tradition and cannot be regarded as Buddha’s personal physician. Lumbini’s location and Pali Buddhist literature are well established.
Q57. Why were Buddhist stupas originally constructed?
[RRB NTPC – 2021]
A. To enshrine sacred relics
B. As military watchtowers
C. As royal treasuries
D. As irrigation reservoirs
Answer: A. To enshrine sacred relics
Explanation: Early stupas evolved from burial mounds and commonly enshrined corporeal relics or objects associated with Buddha and eminent Buddhist teachers.
Q56. Sanchi Stupa is located near which present-day state capital?
[RRB NTPC – 2021]
A. Bhopal
B. Patna
C. Jaipur
D. Lucknow
Answer: A. Bhopal
Explanation: Sanchi lies roughly northeast of Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh’s Raisen district and preserves one of India’s most important complexes of ancient Buddhist monuments.
Q55. Who originally commissioned the Great Stupa at Sanchi?
[RRB NTPC – 2021]
A. Ashoka
B. Akbar
C. Harsha
D. Chandragupta II
Answer: A. Ashoka
Explanation: Mauryan emperor Ashoka commissioned Sanchi’s original brick stupa in the third century BCE, while later rulers substantially enlarged and decorated the monument.
Q54. The Bodhisattva ideal is most strongly associated with:
[RRB NTPC – 2021]
A. Mahayana Buddhism
B. Jain Digambara tradition
C. Ajivikas
D. Sikhism
Answer: A. Mahayana Buddhism
Explanation: Mahayana gives central importance to the Bodhisattva, who strives for complete Buddhahood while compassionately assisting other beings towards liberation.
Q53. The Sutta Pitaka primarily contains:
[RRB NTPC – 2021]
A. Discourses and dialogues concerning Buddhist teaching
B. Architectural manuals
C. Royal genealogies only
D. Medical prescriptions
Answer: A. Discourses and dialogues concerning Buddhist teaching
Explanation: Sutta Pitaka preserves thousands of discourses attributed to Buddha and his disciples, including dialogues with rulers, householders, monks and philosophical opponents.
Q52. At which place did Gautama Buddha attain enlightenment?
[RRB NTPC – 2021]
A. Bodh Gaya
B. Lumbini
C. Sarnath
D. Kushinagar
Answer: A. Bodh Gaya
Explanation: Siddhartha attained Bodhi beneath a pipal tree at Uruvela, subsequently called Bodh Gaya, after which he became known as Buddha, the Enlightened One.
Q51. Lumbini is chiefly associated with which event in Buddha’s life?
[RRB NTPC – 2021]
A. Birth
B. Enlightenment
C. First sermon
D. Mahaparinirvana
Answer: A. Birth
Explanation: Lumbini in present Nepal is traditionally identified as Siddhartha Gautama’s birthplace and is marked by the Maya Devi Temple and Ashokan pillar.
Q50. Worship of anthropomorphic images of Buddha became especially important in:
[RRB NTPC – 2021]
A. Mahayana Buddhism
B. Early Vedic religion
C. Ajivika order
D. Charvaka philosophy
Answer: A. Mahayana Buddhism
Explanation: Mahayana devotionalism encouraged elaborate Buddha and Bodhisattva imagery, while early Buddhist art commonly represented Buddha through symbols rather than human form.
Q49. Which ancient Buddhist monument at Sarnath was declared a protected monument of national importance in 2019?
[RRB NTPC – 2021]
A. Chaukhandi Stupa
B. Sanchi Stupa
C. Amaravati Stupa
D. Kesaria Stupa
Answer: A. Chaukhandi Stupa
Explanation: Chaukhandi Stupa at Sarnath commemorates the traditional meeting of Buddha with his first five disciples before his famous first sermon.
Q48. Which Buddhist monument appears as the motif on the reverse of India’s ₹200 banknote?
[RRB NTPC – 2021]
A. Sanchi Stupa
B. Mahabodhi Temple
C. Dhamek Stupa
D. Nalanda ruins
Answer: A. Sanchi Stupa
Explanation: India’s ₹200 banknote carries the Sanchi Stupa motif, highlighting the monument’s outstanding importance to India’s cultural, artistic and Buddhist heritage.
Q47. Where did Gautama Buddha deliver his first sermon on the Four Noble Truths?
[SSC CGL – 2021]
A. Sarnath
B. Lumbini
C. Rajgir
D. Bodh Gaya
Answer: A. Sarnath
Explanation: At Sarnath’s Deer Park, Buddha taught his first five disciples. The event is remembered as Dharmachakra Pravartana, or turning the wheel of Dharma.
Q46. Buddha’s birthplace was a sacred grove known as:
[SSC CGL – 2021]
A. Lumbini
B. Kushinagar
C. Vaishali
D. Rajgir
Answer: A. Lumbini
Explanation: Buddhist tradition and Ashoka’s Rummindei pillar inscription identify Lumbini as the sacred place where Siddhartha Gautama was born.
Q45. At which place did Buddha attain enlightenment?
[SSC CGL – 2021]
A. Bodh Gaya
B. Sarnath
C. Rajgir
D. Vaishali
Answer: A. Bodh Gaya
Explanation: Buddha attained enlightenment beneath the Bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya after abandoning extreme austerities and adopting the Middle Way.
Q44. The rules made for the Buddhist Sangha are preserved in:
[SSC CGL – 2021]
A. Vinaya Pitaka
B. Rigveda
C. Arthashastra
D. Manusmriti
Answer: A. Vinaya Pitaka
Explanation: Vinaya Pitaka preserves monastic regulations and narratives concerning the formation, organisation and conduct of the Buddhist communities of monks and nuns.
Q43. Ashoka convened which Buddhist Council at Pataliputra around the third century BCE?
[SSC CGL – 2021]
A. Third
B. First
C. Second
D. Fourth
Answer: A. Third
Explanation: The Third Buddhist Council is traditionally associated with Ashoka, Pataliputra and Moggaliputta Tissa, with subsequent missionary activity helping Buddhism spread beyond Magadha.
Q42. Who traditionally patronised the First Buddhist Council?
[SSC MTS – 2021]
A. Ajatashatru
B. Ashoka
C. Kanishka
D. Harsha
Answer: A. Ajatashatru
Explanation: Magadhan ruler Ajatashatru is traditionally credited with supporting the First Buddhist Council at Rajagriha, held soon after Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana.
Q41. Chethiyagiri Vihara festival celebrated at Sanchi belongs to which religion?
[SSC MTS – 2021]
A. Buddhism
B. Jainism
C. Sikhism
D. Zoroastrianism
Answer: A. Buddhism
Explanation: The Sanchi festival is centred on Buddhist worship and particularly the relics of Sariputta and Moggallana, two of Gautama Buddha’s foremost disciples.
Q40. Consider the following:
- Sthaviravadins belonged to Mahayana.
- Lokottaravadins emerged from Mahasanghika.
- Mahasanghika ideas contributed to Mahayana development.
Which are correct?
[UPSC CSE – 2020]
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 3 only
D. All three
Answer: B. 2 and 3
Explanation: Sthaviravada belongs to an early Buddhist stream rather than Mahayana. Lokottaravada was linked to Mahasanghika, whose exalted conceptions of Buddha influenced later Mahayana thought.
Q39. Which emperor originally constructed the famous Sanchi Stupa?
[Delhi Police – 2020]
A. Ashoka
B. Bindusara
C. Kanishka
D. Chandragupta Maurya
Answer: A. Ashoka
Explanation: Ashoka founded the original Sanchi stupa in brick. Subsequent Shunga and Satavahana patronage transformed it into the monumental stone complex visible today.
Q38. The term ‘Tripitaka’ literally means:
[Delhi Police – 2020]
A. Three Baskets
B. Three Paths
C. Three Temples
D. Three Councils
Answer: A. Three Baskets
Explanation: Tripitaka means ‘Three Baskets,’ referring to the Vinaya, Sutta and Abhidhamma collections that collectively constitute the classical Buddhist canonical arrangement.
Q37. Who summoned the Fourth Buddhist Council in Kashmir according to traditional northern accounts?
[Delhi Police – 2020]
A. Kanishka
B. Huvishka
C. Vasudeva
D. Vima Kadphises
Answer: A. Kanishka
Explanation: Kushana emperor Kanishka is traditionally credited with convening the Fourth Council in Kashmir, where major scholastic discussions and commentaries were undertaken.
Q36. The Buddhist Council traditionally associated with the crystallisation of Hinayana and Mahayana divisions was held at:
[Delhi Police – 2020]
A. Kashmir
B. Vaishali
C. Pataliputra
D. Rajagriha
Answer: A. Kashmir
Explanation: Competitive-exam convention associates the Fourth Council under Kanishka in Kashmir with the formal development of Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhist traditions.
Q35. How many great toranas adorn the Sanchi Stupa?
[Delhi Police – 2020]
A. Four
B. Two
C. Three
D. Six
Answer: A. Four
Explanation: Four elaborate gateways stand at Sanchi’s cardinal directions and carry numerous reliefs depicting Jataka narratives, sacred symbols and episodes from Buddhist tradition.
Q34. The natural grove where Gautama Buddha was born is known as:
[Delhi Police – 2020]
A. Lumbini
B. Pavapuri
C. Ujjain
D. Kushinagar
Answer: A. Lumbini
Explanation: Lumbini, now in Nepal, is Buddha’s accepted birthplace and an important pilgrimage site preserving archaeological remains, the Maya Devi shrine and an Ashokan pillar.
Q33. The Great Stupa of Sanchi is in:
[Delhi Police – 2020]
A. Madhya Pradesh
B. Gujarat
C. Uttar Pradesh
D. Bihar
Answer: A. Madhya Pradesh
Explanation: Sanchi stands in Madhya Pradesh’s Raisen district. Its group of stupas, temples and monasteries forms one of India’s best-preserved Buddhist archaeological complexes.
Q32. What was the capital of the Vajji confederacy during the age of Buddha?
[SSC Selection Post – 2020]
A. Vaishali
B. Ujjain
C. Taxila
D. Mathura
Answer: A. Vaishali
Explanation: Vaishali was the principal centre of the Vajji or Vrijji confederacy, whose republican political organisation is frequently mentioned in early Buddhist literature.
Q31. Which place is NOT one of the principal locations associated with Gautama Buddha’s life?
[SSC Stenographer – 2020]
A. Lumbini
B. Sarnath
C. Kushinagar
D. Puri
Answer: D. Puri
Explanation: Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath and Kushinagar mark Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, first sermon and Mahaparinirvana respectively. Puri has no equivalent connection to his biography.
Q30. Relics of which chief disciple of Buddha were found in a stupa at Sanchi?
[MP Jail Prahari – 2020]
A. Moggallana
B. Ananda
C. Anuruddha
D. Mahakasyapa
Answer: A. Moggallana
Explanation: Stupa 3 at Sanchi is associated with relics of Sariputta and Maha Moggallana, traditionally regarded as two of Buddha’s foremost male disciples.
Q29. The Lion Capital adopted as India’s National Emblem originally comes from:
[Allahabad High Court ARO – 2020]
A. Sarnath
B. Mathura
C. Agra
D. Vrindavan
Answer: A. Sarnath
Explanation: India’s National Emblem is adapted from Ashoka’s Lion Capital at Sarnath, erected at the sacred Buddhist site associated with Buddha’s first sermon.
Q28. Where did Gautama Buddha give his first sermon?
[Rajasthan Police – 2020]
A. Sarnath
B. Vaishali
C. Magadha
D. Kushinagar
Answer: A. Sarnath
Explanation: Sarnath’s Deer Park was the scene of Buddha’s first discourse, where he explained the Middle Way, Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path.
Q27. Which famous Mauryan pillar site connected with Buddhism is located at Sarnath?
[Delhi Police – 2020]
A. Ashokan Lion Capital pillar
B. Heliodorus pillar
C. Iron Pillar
D. Allahabad Prashasti pillar only
Answer: A. Ashokan Lion Capital pillar
Explanation: Ashoka erected a polished sandstone pillar at Sarnath, whose celebrated four-lion capital became the model for India’s National Emblem after independence.
Q26. Which of the following is an important Buddhist philosophical text attributed to Vasubandhu?
[RRB NTPC – 2020]
A. Abhidharmakosha
B. Arthashastra
C. Mudrarakshasa
D. Ashtadhyayi
Answer: A. Abhidharmakosha
Explanation: Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakosha is a major systematic treatise on Buddhist Abhidharma philosophy and became influential across Indian, Tibetan and East Asian Buddhist traditions.
Q25. Where did Gautama Buddha attain enlightenment?
[WBCS – 2019]
A. Bodh Gaya
B. Lumbini
C. Sarnath
D. Kushinagar
Answer: A. Bodh Gaya
Explanation: At Bodh Gaya, Siddhartha meditated beneath a pipal tree until attaining Bodhi, thereafter becoming Gautama Buddha, the Enlightened One.
Q24. The teachings or sermons of Buddha are chiefly collected in:
[RPSC 2nd Grade – 2019]
A. Sutta Pitaka
B. Vinaya Pitaka
C. Abhidhamma Pitaka
D. Vaipulya Sutra
Answer: A. Sutta Pitaka
Explanation: Sutta Pitaka contains Buddha’s principal discourses and dialogues, while Vinaya concerns monastic discipline and Abhidhamma provides systematic philosophical analysis.
Q23. The Four Noble Truths are associated with:
[SSC MTS – 2019]
A. Buddhism
B. Sikhism
C. Zoroastrianism
D. Shinto
Answer: A. Buddhism
Explanation: The Four Noble Truths diagnose suffering, identify craving as its cause, affirm its cessation and prescribe the Noble Eightfold Path to liberation.
Q22. Tripitaka is the sacred canonical collection of:
[SSC MTS – 2019]
A. Buddhism
B. Jainism
C. Sikhism
D. Judaism
Answer: A. Buddhism
Explanation: Tripitaka comprises the ‘Three Baskets’ of Buddhist literature: Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka, especially central to Theravada tradition.
Q21. What was Gautama Buddha’s personal name before enlightenment?
[RPF SI – 2019]
A. Siddhartha
B. Channa
C. Nagasena
D. Upali
Answer: A. Siddhartha
Explanation: Buddha was born Siddhartha Gautama of the Shakya clan. ‘Buddha,’ meaning awakened or enlightened one, became his designation following enlightenment.
Q20. At which place did Siddhartha Gautama attain supreme knowledge or enlightenment?
[RPF Constable – 2019]
A. Bodh Gaya
B. Lumbini
C. Sarnath
D. Kushinagar
Answer: A. Bodh Gaya
Explanation: Bodh Gaya in Bihar is the sacred location of Siddhartha’s enlightenment beneath the Bodhi tree, making it Buddhism’s foremost pilgrimage destination.
Q19. Who composed Buddhacharita, the poetic biography of Gautama Buddha?
[DSSSB JE – 2019]
A. Ashvaghosha
B. Nagarjuna
C. Vasumitra
D. Bhavabhuti
Answer: A. Ashvaghosha
Explanation: Ashvaghosha was an influential Buddhist poet and thinker remembered particularly for Buddhacharita and Saundarananda, composed in sophisticated classical Sanskrit.
Q18. Paintings and sculptures of the Ajanta Caves principally portray tales belonging to:
[RRB ALP – 2019]
A. Buddhism
B. Islam
C. Christianity
D. Maratha history
Answer: A. Buddhism
Explanation: Ajanta’s murals and sculpture draw extensively from Buddha’s life, Bodhisattvas, Jataka tales and other Buddhist narrative traditions.
Q17. Buddha preached his first sermon and established the foundations of his monastic order at:
[UPSSSC Lower PCS – 2019]
A. Sarnath
B. Kaushambi
C. Bodh Gaya
D. Jhansi
Answer: A. Sarnath
Explanation: At Sarnath, Buddha preached to five ascetics who became his first disciples, forming the nucleus of the Buddhist Sangha.
Q16. Sarnath, where Buddha delivered his first sermon, is situated close to:
[UPSSSC Lower PCS – 2019]
A. Varanasi
B. Mathura
C. Ayodhya
D. Jhansi
Answer: A. Varanasi
Explanation: Sarnath lies approximately ten kilometres northeast of Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh and is one of the most sacred places of Buddhist pilgrimage.
Q15. Gautama Buddha preached the Dhammachakkappavattana Sutta at:
[UPSSSC Junior Assistant – 2019]
A. Sarnath
B. Kapilavastu
C. Lumbini
D. Bodh Gaya
Answer: A. Sarnath
Explanation: The Dhammachakkappavattana Sutta represents Buddha’s first discourse at Sarnath, introducing the Middle Way, Noble Truths and path to liberation.
Q14. In the Eightfold Path, which pair was identified in the exam with the foundation of ‘Right Knowledge’?
[UGC NET Education – 2019]
A. Right Faith and Right Resolve
B. Right Speech and Action
C. Right Action and Livelihood
D. Right Concentration and Speech
Answer: A. Right Faith and Right Resolve
Explanation: Buddhist educational classifications often group right understanding and intention within wisdom, forming the intellectual orientation from which ethical conduct and disciplined meditation develop.
Q13. Which Buddhist chronicles are important traditional sources concerning Ashoka’s association with Buddhism?
[UPSC CDS – 2019]
A. Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa
B. Rajatarangini and Harshacharita
C. Ain-i-Akbari and Akbarnama
D. Sangam poems only
Answer: A. Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa
Explanation: Sri Lankan Buddhist chronicles Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa preserve influential narratives about Ashoka, the Third Council, Mahinda and Buddhism’s transmission to Sri Lanka.
Q12. Which features are characteristic of Mahayana Buddhism?
- Deification/exaltation of Buddha
- Bodhisattva ideal
- Buddha image worship
[UPSC CSE – 2019]
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: Mahayana expanded devotional conceptions of Buddha, elevated compassionate Bodhisattvas and encouraged elaborate image worship alongside new sutras and philosophical traditions.
Q11. Where was the Second Buddhist Council traditionally held?
[SSC Stenographer – 2019]
A. Vaishali
B. Rajagriha
C. Pataliputra
D. Kashmir
Answer: A. Vaishali
Explanation: The Second Council was traditionally held at Vaishali about a century after Buddha’s death, mainly to settle disputes concerning monastic discipline.
Q10. Where did Gautama Buddha deliver his first sermon?
[WBCS – 2018]
A. Sarnath
B. Bodh Gaya
C. Shravasti
D. Vaishali
Answer: A. Sarnath
Explanation: Buddha travelled to Sarnath after enlightenment and delivered his first discourse to five ascetics, beginning the organised propagation of Buddhist Dharma.
Q9. Which statement about early Buddhist stupas is NOT correct?
[UPSC CDS – 2018]
A. They could enshrine relics.
B. They became objects of worship.
C. Circumambulation was associated with them.
D. They were characteristically located only in remote rural areas.
Answer: D. They were characteristically located only in remote rural areas.
Explanation: Stupas existed in pilgrimage centres, towns, monastic complexes and trade-linked locations; they were not inherently confined to remote rural environments.
Q8. In Buddhist tradition, which Bodhisattva is regarded as the future Buddha?
[UPSC CSE – 2018]
A. Maitreya
B. Avalokiteshvara
C. Manjushri
D. Vajrapani
Answer: A. Maitreya
Explanation: Maitreya is believed to be the future Buddha who will appear when Gautama Buddha’s teachings have disappeared and will rediscover and teach the Dharma.
Q7. The essential foundation of Buddha’s teaching consists of the Four Noble Truths and the:
[RRB Group D – 2018]
A. Noble Eightfold Path
B. Four Vedas
C. Six Vedangas
D. Five Great Sacrifices
Answer: A. Noble Eightfold Path
Explanation: The Fourth Noble Truth prescribes the Eightfold Path, combining wisdom, ethical conduct and mental discipline to overcome craving and ultimately attain Nirvana.
Q6. Which Chinese Buddhist pilgrim studied at Nalanda during his Indian journey in the seventh century CE?
[RRB ALP – 2018]
A. Xuanzang
B. Megasthenes
C. Al-Biruni
D. Marco Polo
Answer: A. Xuanzang
Explanation: Xuanzang reached India in the seventh century, studied for years at Nalanda and later produced invaluable accounts of Indian Buddhism, geography and society.
Q5. Permanent shelters or monasteries of Buddhist and Jain monks were commonly called:
[SSC Scientific Assistant – 2017]
A. Viharas
B. Stupas
C. Toranas
D. Yajnas
Answer: A. Viharas
Explanation: Viharas developed from temporary rainy-season shelters into permanent residential monasteries housing monks, study spaces and, in many later examples, religious shrines.
Q4. The Buddhist Council traditionally associated with the division into Hinayana and Mahayana was held in:
[Allahabad High Court Group D – 2017]
A. Kashmir
B. Rajgir
C. Vaishali
D. Pataliputra
Answer: A. Kashmir
Explanation: The northern tradition associates Kanishka’s Fourth Buddhist Council at Kundalavana in Kashmir with major doctrinal developments and the rise of Mahayana.
Q3. According to Buddhism, what is the fundamental cause of suffering?
[WBCS – 2016]
A. Trishna or craving
B. Krodha alone
C. Maya alone
D. Ritual impurity
Answer: A. Trishna or craving
Explanation: The Second Noble Truth identifies craving or tanha—desire for pleasure, existence or non-existence—as the principal cause sustaining suffering and rebirth.
Q2. Where was the Fourth Buddhist Council traditionally held under Kanishka?
[HP TGT – 2016]
A. Kashmir
B. Gaya
C. Prayag
D. Sarnath
Answer: A. Kashmir
Explanation: According to northern Buddhist tradition, Kanishka convened the Fourth Council at Kundalavana in Kashmir, with Vasumitra usually identified as president.
2015
Q1. Where and approximately when was the Second Buddhist Council held?
[IB ACIO – 2015]
A. Pataliputra, c. 250 BCE
B. Vaishali, c. 383 BCE
C. Kashmir, first century CE
D. Sri Lanka, first century BCE
Answer: B. Vaishali, c. 383 BCE
Explanation: Traditional Buddhist chronology places the Second Council at Vaishali about a century after Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana, under Kalashoka’s patronage, primarily over questions of monastic discipline.