Q90. Why has the Sultanate Iqta system sometimes been compared with European feudal arrangements?
[SSC GD Constable, 7 May — 2026]
A. Both abolished taxation
B. Revenue rights were associated with obligations, especially military service
C. Land was permanently owned by peasants
D. Both prohibited military recruitment
Answer: B. Revenue rights were associated with obligations, especially military service
Explanation: Iqta holders received rights to collect designated revenues while performing administrative and military duties, although the system differed substantially from hereditary European feudalism.
Q89. Prithviraj Raso is traditionally associated with which author?
[UPSC NDA & NA (I), 12 April — 2026]
A. Jimutavahana
B. Chand Bardai
C. Bhaskaracharya
D. Vijnaneshvara
Answer: B. Chand Bardai
Explanation: Prithviraj Raso is traditionally attributed to Chand Bardai and celebrates Prithviraj Chauhan, whose conflicts with Muhammad Ghori culminated in the Battles of Tarain.
Q88. Who defeated the ruler of Sindh during the Arab invasion of 712 CE?
[WBCS Mains History — 2024]
A. Mahmud of Ghazni
B. Muhammad Ghori
C. Muhammad-bin-Qasim
D. Tajuddin Yildiz
Answer: C. Muhammad-bin-Qasim
Explanation: Muhammad-bin-Qasim, an Umayyad commander, defeated Raja Dahir and conquered Sindh, establishing the first durable Arab political foothold in the Indian subcontinent.
Q87. Who emerged victorious in the First Battle of Tarain?
[WBCS Mains History — 2024]
A. Muhammad Ghori
B. Prithviraj Chauhan
C. Jaichand
D. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Answer: B. Prithviraj Chauhan
Explanation: In 1191 Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Muhammad Ghori at Tarain. Ghori reorganised his forces and returned the following year to reverse the result.
Q86. Ghazni, which rose to prominence under Mahmud, is located in which present-day country?
[SSC CHSL Tier-I — 2024]
A. Iran
B. Afghanistan
C. Uzbekistan
D. Pakistan
Answer: B. Afghanistan
Explanation: Ghazni in modern Afghanistan became the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire. Mahmud used it as the base for repeated military expeditions into northwestern India.
Q85. Who defeated Muhammad Ghori in the First Battle of Tarain?
[SSC CHSL Tier-I — 2024]
A. Jayachandra
B. Prithviraj Chauhan
C. Bhimdev I
D. Anandapala
Answer: B. Prithviraj Chauhan
Explanation: Prithviraj’s forces defeated and wounded Ghori in 1191. Ghori returned with a reorganised cavalry force and won the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192.
Q84. Muhammad Ghori defeated Jayachandra in which battle?
[SSC CGL Tier-I — 2024]
A. Tarain
B. Chandawar
C. Khanwa
D. Panipat
Answer: B. Chandawar
Explanation: The Battle of Chandawar in 1194 resulted in the defeat of Gahadavala ruler Jayachandra, extending Ghurid influence farther into the central Gangetic plain.
Q83. Which scholar recorded information about Muslim traders reaching areas such as Rajouri in Kashmir?
[RPSC Assistant Professor History — 2024]
A. Ibn Battuta
B. Al-Biruni
C. Barani
D. Abul Fazl
Answer: B. Al-Biruni
Explanation: Al-Biruni’s writings are important for reconstructing eleventh-century Indian geography, society and cross-cultural contacts during the period of Mahmud of Ghazni.
Q82. Who wrote Tarikh-ul-Hind/Kitab-ul-Hind?
[RPSC Assistant Professor History — 2024]
A. Minhaj-us-Siraj
B. Hasan Nizami
C. Al-Biruni
D. Ziauddin Barani
Answer: C. Al-Biruni
Explanation: Al-Biruni’s study of India combined direct observation with Sanskrit learning and comparative analysis, making it one of the most sophisticated accounts of medieval Indian society.
Q81. Who constructed the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque at Delhi?
[APPSC Group-I Preliminary Examination — 2024]
A. Iltutmish
B. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
C. Balban
D. Muhammad Ghori
Answer: B. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Explanation: Aibak commissioned the mosque in the Qutub complex following the Ghurid capture of Delhi, making it closely associated with the establishment of early Sultanate authority.
